The Rules of the Game in the Global Economy: Policy Regimes for International Business (Second Edition) analyzes the evolution of international policy regimes affecting the development and management of international business. The authors explain the nature of international regimes, and show how the interlinked processes of global economic integration and multinational enterprise expansion make the development of regimes both inevitable and desirable. They then examine several major types of regime currently in place, including those that have emerged from global or regional institutions such as the United Nations (UN) and the European Community (EC), as well as those dealing with functional areas such as international trade and payments, sea and air transportation, telecommunications, and environmental issues. They conclude with an assessment of the critical similarities and differences among existing regimes, the most likely direction and scope of future regime development, and the important implications of regime evolution for international management. This second edition provides the reader with the following revisions: Update all data and tables and include more recent developments and examples, wherever possible and appropriate. Give specific attention to the evolution of new institutional arrangements, such as the European Union, NAFTA, and WTO. Increase emphasis on the importance to business and economic activity of environmental regimes as reflected in the issues raised at the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro and related developments. Reorganize some sections of the text including the rearrangement of materials within and among others, and the introduction of a separatechapter on telecommunications and services.

Since the completion of the original writing in 1978, and the publication of this Garland edition in 1987, several important events came to pass which underscored the importance and relevance of the study of the US foreign trade policy toward steel in the late seventies. One can read the story of US trade policy toward steel in 1977-79 as a critical step in the path which has been moving the US from a policy of organised free trade to one where increasing scope is allowed to market forces.

The international fragmentation of economic activities - from research and design to production and marketing - described through the lens of the global value chain (GVC) approach impacts the structure and performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) agglomerated in economic clusters. The consolidation of GVCs ruled by global lead firms and the recession of 2008-09 exacerbated the pressures on cluster actors that based their competitive advantage on local systems, spurring an increasing heterogeneity, both across and within clusters, that is still overlooked in the literature. Drawing on detailed studies of different industries and countries, Local Clusters in Global Value Chains shows the co-evolutionary trajectories of clusters and GVCs, and the role of firms and their strategies in organizing manufacturing and innovation activities in the context of ongoing technological shifts. The book explores the tension between place-based variables and global drivers of change, and the possibility for territories containing such clusters to prosper in the new global scenario. By adopting insights from the GVC framework and management studies, the book discusses how the internationalization strategies of firms create opportunities as well as constraints for adaptive upgrading in clusters. This book is of interest to both researchers and policy-makers who are interested in the dynamic sources of competitive advantage in the global economy.

In this volume, Bartlett and Ghoshal examine the transnational firm, its development and future. Ending their chapter is a debate about the future of international management research involving several individual scholars including Julian Birkinshaw (London Business School), Yves Doz (INSEAD), and Eleanore Westney (MIT). Three leading scholars in the international management field, Michael Kotabe (Temple University), Alan Rugman (Indiana University) and Srilata Zaheer (University of Minnesota) provide comments on Bartlett and Ghoshal's work and on future international management research. The present volume also presents five other articles that make a contribution to the main theme of the book. Together, they cover a set of topics in international management studies including: process issues and the evolution of collaboration in the management of international strategic alliances (alliances), the antecedents and outcomes from international entry modes (market entry), examination of the localization of HRM practices in American and European multinationals (resources), and the cultural, economic and political effects on national entrepreneurial potential (resources). The work in this volume provides a diversity of theoretical and methodological approaches and represents the thinking in the field on managing transnational firms focused on resources, market entry and alliances.

Transnational Corporations (TNCs) and public enterprises have been perceived as organisations evolving in separate, even antagonistic, business, economic and ideological spheres. Yet, at the beginning of the 21st Century, utilities in energy, telecommunications, transport and water unexpectedly emerged as leading TNCs. How and why did this remarkable and unprecedented transition occur? What are the consequences for competition, regulation, public services and consumers? Leading authorities from Europe, Russia, Canada, Mexico and the United States analyse the business, economic and historical contexts that have influenced these changes.

The book is the culmination of a research effort which spanned all continents and involved a large number of research teams from both the industrialised and developing countries. The book addresses a number of key issues related to technology transfer by small and medium-sized enterprises most especially whether such companies are more effective transferors than larger transnational corporations. A key aspect of the research was the fact that firms in source and host countries were matched to assure a degree of consistency in the firm coverage and their responses.

Written primarily for business managers and government officials, this is a comprehensive and extremely timely handbook on how to successfully initiate and implement joint ventures and direct investments in China. The authors combine in one volume an appreciation of the nuances faced in the negotiation of U.S.-Chinese joint ventures, an examination of the investment environment in China and an assessment of its past traditions, present policies, and emerging problems. Case studies of a variety of actual joint ventures are especially valuable for readers involved in or planning to open negotiations in China. Several chapters assess the impacts of the events in Tianamen Square on foreign direct investment in the country.

The book opens with two chapters which examine the reasons for China's open policy and the responses of foreign investors to the new policy. A group of chapters then explores the country's investment, cultural, and legal environments and their likely impacts on joint venture negotiations. Turning to an examination of Chinese markets and production capabilities, the authors assess consumption patterns, decision making, customer/supplier relations, local sourcing problems, transportation, the availability of skilled labor, management, and R&D. They go on to analyze the contributions of foreign direct investment, including the role of transnational corporations, and present a step-by-step guide to negotiating a joint venture in China and implementing the agreement reached. Finally, the authors look at prospects for development and modernization in China, particularly in terms of the trend towards recentralization following the Tianamen Square upheaval. In addition to business development managers, students in international business programs will find "Direct Investment and Joint Ventures in China" an indispensable resource.

Comprised of chapters that explore the impact of the global crisis on emerging economies and firms and their response to it. The ways in which the leading emerging economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China are dealing with the challenges of the crisis are complemented by the methods applied by countries and firms in Central and Eastern Europe.

Based on data from Japan, the book examines the combined effect of product, geographic, and network diversity on multinational enterprise performance. A new measure for geographic scope is developed, one that considers the related elements of international asset dispersion and country environment diversity. The book also introduces a new concept of network diversity, and examines how it is strategically linked to performance. Perhaps most importantly, the book is able to empirically and theoretically demonstrate that a larger, more diverse network of alliances is not necessarily a good idea. These are important findings, with far reaching implications for practice and theory.

The focus of the study is on the larger food processing companies, which invested in Central and Eastern Europe - namely Nestle, Unilever and InBev - and analyses the motives of investment and the entry strategies of food MNEs, outlines their contribution to the local development and stresses the national actors as forces to embedded FDI.

This book combines a theoretical study of Japan's economic structures and multinational enterprises with an analysis of the contemporary multinational enterprise. Kensy assesses the value of the post-modern approach to understanding the New Economy, as well as Japanese society and culture. He analyses Japan's economic structure, interpreting its methods, strategies, and results in a postmodern context and surveys socio-economic development in Japan since the beginning of Westernization. He examines Japanese models for the transformation of society in the future, with particular reference to the Keiretzu.

Product recalls spanning toys, children's products, food, pet food, and automobiles have increased dramatically in the recent past. Consequently, the safety of imported products has been pushed to the top of the agenda for companies, consumers, and governments. It has often been argued that recalls occur due to differences among national standards, cost pressures and opportunistic behavior by companies. However, analysis of US toy recalls over a 20 year period reveals that the key to decreasing recalls and harm from defective products lies in improving product designs, learning from recalls and swiftly acting on incidents. Together, these point to the inherent dangers in the disaggregation of value chain and the need to effectively manage those dangers.

This is the 10th volume of The Academy of International Business book series bringing together the latest research on firm strategies and management and the internationalization of the firm from the 29th Academy of International Business UK conference. The four main themes of the book are subsidiary location and performance, internationalization and firm strategy, the internationalization of the small firm, and the Internet and e-commerce.

This book explores the relationships between the day-to-day activities of managers in multinational firms and the wider social, institutional and cultural contexts in which they operate. Specifically, it examines the processes that shape the adoption and adaptation of organizational practices and policies across diverse national settings; it considers the role of expatriates in the context of the headquarter-subsidiary relationship; and explores how managers negotiate their interests and activities in relation to organizational mechanisms of co-ordination and control.

MNC's have not received a good press in recent years. This book attempts to redress the balance of the argument by showing the extraordinary and positive impact of MNC's in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet union during the transition to free market capitalism. The book also attempts to answer why the impact of MNC's in Eastern Europe should be different to the less commendable experience in Africa and Latin America, and whether MNC's reinforce the power of corrupt rulers. In concluding that MNC's are not necessarily the enemy of development but can be instrumental to progress, the book draws on lessons from 21 East European transition countries to show how the economic power of MNC's can be harnessed elsewhere in the developing world.

International business for the modern firm has to compromise the need to use limited resources and achieve efficiency in the global marketplace. This book examines these issues from the viewpoint of the internationalized SME, the big multinational and the local subsidiary drawing on research conducted in different countries.

A new contribution to the debate on the evolution of European employment and social models. These models need to adjust to meet new challenges, including globalization, ageing societies, and new governance approaches at national, EU and international level. This book explores these issues through the experiences of nine EU countries.

This book provides comprehensive coverage on the key issues of Chinese investment in the Australian minerals industry. It offers unique insights into the entry process, the management of Chinese investments, and their success factors and lessons learnt as being impacted upon by the entangling of political, economic, social and competitive forces.

This book recommends and examines the various approaches to incorporating an accurate measure of risk into the appraisal of an international investment. It considers the way in which decisions on international investment projects are taken and how they should be. It critiques and integrates existing theories, including the global capital asset pricing rule of financial theory, theories of strategy making and the real options approach, to show how risk should be incorporated into the present value formula and its various elements to produce a clear decision rule.

The Italian and Iberian Influence in Accounting History provides compelling evidence of how accounting, when conceived of as a technology rather than simply as a tool to increase efficiency, can work as a means to sustain power relations in different sites, such as the Church, the State or the factory. This book, drawing upon the growing body of work which focuses on Italy and the Iberian Peninsula, demonstrates how accounting practices were effective in the subjugation of single individuals or entire populations, whether Roman Catholic priests, State functionaries, inhabitants of conquered lands or workers. The effectiveness of accounting as a tool of power is linked to its neutral and technical appearance, which makes it difficult for those oppressed and controlled by its practices to oppose it. Its adaptability to different organizational contexts, as documented in The Italian and Iberian Influence in Accounting History, makes it a valuable tool for sustaining existing power relations and reproducing inequalities and exploitation. The Italian and Iberian Influence in Accounting History is vital reading for academics and researchers in the fields of accounting, accounting history, political management and sociology and European history.

Marking the 30th anniversary of the formation of Orion Bank in 1970, financial historian Richard Roberts has written a history of Orion and the rise and decline of the consortium banking movement. Consortium banks were formed as joint ventures to enable banks to operate in the booming Euromarkets, with virtually every major international bank participating in a consortium bank during their heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. Orion Bank was one of the leading players in the Euromarkets in those decades: its shareholders were six of the biggest banks in the world from the three major trading blocks: Chase Manhattan, Royal Bank of Canada, NatWest, Westdeutsche Landesbank, Credito Italiano and Mitsubishi Bank. Like other consortiums banks, Orion Bank was prominent in Eurocurrency syndicated lending, but more unusually, it was also a top Eurobond lead manager. The story of Orion exemplifies the tensions inherent in the joint venture approach to business development and the strategic dilemmas facing consortium bank managements and shareholders. Richard Roberts uses primary archival papers and interviews with former Orion executives and other bankers prominent in consortium and investment banking to present an authoritative case study with great topical relevance as today's European banking industry continues to integrate across borders. Take Your Partners is also an invaluable source of reference for anyone with an interest in the Euromarkets and the development of international banking.

The promotion of an enterprise culture and entrepreneurship in India in recent decades has had far-reaching implications beyond the economy, and transformed social and cultural attitudes and conduct. This book brings together pioneering research on the nature of India's enterprise culture, covering a range of different themes: workplace, education, religion, trade, films, media, youth identity, gender relations, class formation and urban politics. Based on extensive empirical and ethnographic research by the contributors, the book shows the myriad manifestations of enterprise culture and the making of the aspiring, enterprising-self in public culture, social practice, and personal lives, ranging from attempts to construct hegemonic ideas in public discourse, to appropriation by individuals and groups with unintended consequences, to forms of contested and contradictory expression. It discusses what is 'new' about enterprise culture and how it relates to pre-existing ideas, and goes on to look at the processes and mechanisms through which enterprise culture is becoming entrenched, as well as how it affects different classes and communities. The book highlights the social and political implications of enterprise culture and how it recasts family and interpersonal relationships as well as personal and collective identity. Illuminating one of the most important aspects of India's current economic and social transformation, this book is of interest to students and scholars of Asian Business, Sociology, Anthropology, Development Studies and Media and Cultural Studies.

In an international political economy characterised both by constancy and change, this study, first published in 1996, links together one seemingly incongruous continuity in international trade relations with an increasingly dramatic development in the economies of industrial countries. On the one hand, industrialised countries have become progressively dependent upon one another. On the other hand, the liberal international trade regime has yet to falter. These two points are tied together by seeking to explain the maintenance of liberal trade relations in terms of the mutual economic dependence of industrial countries. In particular, the study examines what may be a fundamental constraint on trade protectionism today: the reliance of industrialised countries on external trade relations, and especially on markets within the industrial world.

This book draws together empirical research across a range of contemporary examples of food tourism phenomenon in Asia to provide a holistic picture of their role and influence. It encompasses case studies from around the pan-Asian region, including China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, and India. The book specifically focuses on and explicitly includes a variety of perspectives of non-Western and Asian research contexts of food tourism by bringing multidisciplinary approaches to food tourism research and wider evidence of food and tourism in Asia.