This volume provides an overview of the latest methods used to study neuronal function with all-optical experimental approaches, where light is used for both stimulation and monitoring of neuronal activity. The chapters in this book cover topics over a broad range, from fundamental background information in both physiology and optics in the context of all-optical neurophysiology experiments, to the design principles and hardware implementation of optical methods used for photoactivation and imaging. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Comprehensive and cutting-edge, All-Optical Methods to Study Neuronal Function is a valuable resource for researchers in various disciplines such as physics, engineering, and neuroscience. This book will serve as a guide to establish useful references for groups starting out in this field, and provide insight on the optical systems, actuators, and sensors. This is an open access book.

In April 1979 a symposium on "Multiple Somatic Sensory Motor, Visual and Auditory Areas and Their Connectivities" was held at the FASEB meeting in Dallas, Texas. The papers presented at that symposium are the basis of most of the substantially augmented, updated chapters in the three volumes of Cortical Sensory Organi zation. Only the material in chapter 8 of volume 3 was not pre sented in one form or another at that meeting. The aim of the symposium was to review the present status of the field of cortical representation in the somatosensory, visual and auditory systems. Since the early 1940s, the number of recognized cortical areas related to each of these systems has been increasing until at present the number of visually related areas exceeds a dozen. Although the number is less for the somatic and auditory systems, these also are more numerous than they were earlier and are likely to increase still further since we may expect each system to have essentially the same number of areas related to it."

An NRC Handelsblad Book of the Year "Offers rich discussions of olfactory perception, the conscious and subconscious impacts of smell on behavior and emotion." -Science Decades of cognition research have shown that external stimuli "spark" neural patterns in particular regions of the brain. We think of the brain as a space we can map: here it responds to faces, there it perceives a sensation. But the sense of smell-only recently attracting broader attention in neuroscience-doesn't work this way. So what does the nose tell the brain, and how does the brain understand it? A. S. Barwich turned to experts in neuroscience, psychology, chemistry, and perfumery in an effort to understand the mechanics and meaning of odors. She discovered that scents are often fickle, and do not line up with well-defined neural regions. Upending existing theories of perception, Smellosophy offers a new model for understanding how the brain senses and processes odors. "A beguiling analysis of olfactory experience that is fast becoming a core reference work in the field." -Irish Times "Lively, authoritative...Aims to rehabilitate smell's neglected and marginalized status." -Wall Street Journal "This is a special book...It teaches readers a lot about olfaction. It teaches us even more about what philosophy can be." -Times Literary Supplement

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is now a firmly established treatment for movement disorders, and an increasing body of evidence supports DBS in the treatment of other neurological and psychiatric disorders. This essential reference guide outlines a practical approach to the use of this paradigm-shifting therapy and covers key aspects of DBS practice. Chapters describe how to implement a DBS program and select appropriate patients, device programming to achieve optimal symptom control, and long-term management of patients. Thoroughly revised, this third edition includes additional chapters on managing patients with emerging applications of DBS. An entire chapter is dedicated to troubleshooting common problems with the therapy as many 'failures' are preventable and addressable. With contributions from experts in the field, this is a must-have reference guide for any clinician working with DBS patients.

Egoicism, a mindset that places primary focus upon oneself, appears to be rampant in contemporary Western cultures as commercial advertisements, popular books, song lyrics, and mobile software applications consistently promote self-interest. Although a focus on oneself has adaptive value for physical preservation, decision making, and planning, researchers have begun to address the psychological, interpersonal, and broader societal costs of excessive egoicism. In an increasingly crowded and interdependent world, there is a pressing need for investigation of alternatives to a "me and mine first" mindset. For centuries, scholars, spiritual leaders, and social activists have advocated a "hypo-egoic" way of being that is characterized by less self-concern in favor of a more inclusive, "we first" mode of functioning. In recent years, investigations of hypo-egoic functioning have been taken up by philosophers, cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, and psychologists. Edited by Kirk Warren Brown and Mark Leary, The Oxford Handbook of Hypo-egoic Phenomena brings together these vital lines of inquiry, distilling current knowledge about hypo-egoicism into a single source book. The authors of each chapter have conducted high-quality research and written authoritatively about topics that involve hypo-egoicism, all together providing an authoritative account of theory, research, and applications of hypo-egoic functioning. Part I of the book offers theoretical perspectives from philosophy and several major branches of psychology to inform our understanding of the nature of hypo-egoicism and its expressions in various domains of life. Part II presents psychological research findings regarding particular psychological phenomena in which hypo-egoicism is a prominent feature, demonstrating the implications of hypo-egoicism for well-being, emotion regulation, adaptive decision-making, positive social relations, and other markers of human well-being. Each chapter reviews the research literature regarding a particular hypo-egoic phenomenon and offers constructive criticism of the current limits of the research and important agendas for future investigation. Thus, this Handbook offers the most comprehensive and thoughtful analyses of hypo-egoicism to date.

Handbook of the Behavioral Neurobiology of Serotonin, Second Edition, builds on the success of the first edition by continuing to provide a detailed and comprehensive overview of the many facets of behavioral serotonin research. The text expands on the two key topics, behavioral control (sensory processing, ultrasonic vocalization, and melatonin and sleep control) and psychiatric disorders, including its role on psychostimulant abuse and addiction. The new edition includes two new sections on the serotonin systems interactions and the involvement of serotonin in neurological disorders and associated treatment. Serotonin is a major neurotransmitters in the serotonergic system which one of the best studied and understood transmitter systems. Both are critically involved in the organization of all behaviors and in the regulation of emotion and mood.

Sergio and Vivien Pellis have synthesized three decades of empirical research to create a remarkable work, unequalled in its field. A book that will not only expand our current knowledge of play behaviour, but will inspire change and progress from the laboratory to the playground.

Neuroscience and Social Work Practice: The Missing Link describes why and how neuroscience is the missing link for human service specialists who are facing the increasing complexity of human and societal problems and diagnoses. It illustrates the need for understanding this link between neuroscience and social work in terms of attachment and bonding, trauma, psychotherapy, psychotropic medications and drugs of abuse. Knowledge of brain science can assist social workers and others with the increasing challenges of clinical practice. It also illuminates, especially through Social Neuroscience, the links between social processes and neuroscience. The Social Work profession has long prided itself on using a bio-psycho-social-spiritual (BPSS) framework for conceptualizing human behavior and for intervening with persons/groups/families who seek their assistance. However, the biological aspects of this BPSS framework have been sorely missing; this book provides the missing link. Research in the neurosciences has grown exponentially during the past 30 years, and certain areas are especially relevant for social workers and other human service professionals. The book summarizes important features of this knowledge. A Transactional Model is explained and used throughout the book to help practitioners conceptualize data for assessment, and to focus our attention on the importance of not becoming over- or under-enthused about the biological, rather using all of the BPSS domains interactively. Following a description of basic characteristics of the new world of the brain, the book explores the link between neuroscience and attachment, trauma, psychotherapy, psychotropic medications and drugs ofabuse. Concerning Attachment and Bonding, it explains how brain research is now able to confirm Bowlby's belief that attachment has a biological link, and it shows how the concept of brain plasticity can enhance attachment theory. Concerning Trauma, the book provides case examples to illustrate how clinical practice can be enhanced by findings from the neurosciences. It argues that we need to change our traditional way of intervening with children and adolescents who have experienced neglect, trauma, community violence, etc. Concerning Psychotherapy, the book describes the neurobiology of psychotherapy, and presents new models for intervening that utilize neuroscience results (ideas about neural growth and mirror neurons) that allow for a genuine brain-to-brain connecting between client and clinician. Concerning Psychotropic Medications and Drugs of Abuse, the changing role of social workers is suggested. This new role is related to psychiatric medications, and how this needs to include diversity of effects between different ethnic and racial groups. Discussed are the topics of the drug-metabolizing enzymes, genetic mutations, and how genes get expressed based on interactions with the environment. The idea of pharmacotherapy being primarily a process of social transaction is explained. New medications for the treatment of PTSD and depression are also described. It is suggested that the neurobiology of substance abuse/addiction emphasizes that addiction is a chronic brain disease. Some of the newer pharmacological treatments for addiction are reviewed, especially those that address cravings and relapse. It indicates the need for combined use of pharmacological and behavioral treatmentsfor addictions and attention to the heterogeneity of addictive processes.

For years, the typical presentation of autism the developmental delays, the social and linguistic deficits has been well known. Despite great variation among children with this condition, certain symptoms are considered hallmarks of the disorder. Less understood is why these symptoms come together to construct autism. And as autism rates continue to rise, this information is ever more vital to accurate diagnosis and treatment.

"Autism and the Brain" offers answers by showing a new neuropsychology of the autistic spectrum, reviewing general brain organization, and relating specific regions and structures to specific clinical symptoms. The author identifies deficiencies in areas of the left-hemisphere associated with the self and identity as central to autism. From this primary damage, the brain further reorganizes to compensate, explaining the diverse behaviors among low- and high-functioning individuals as well as autistic savants. The result is a unique three-dimensional view of brain structure, function, and pathology, with in-depth focus on how the autistic brain:

Perceives the world.
Understands and uses words.
Perceives faces.
Understands spatial relations and numbers.
Understands feelings and registers emotions.
Perceives the self as separate from others.
Acts in the world.

Challenging readers to re-think their assumptions, "Autism and the Brain" is breakthrough reading for researchers, clinicians, and graduate students in fields as varied as child and adolescent psychiatry; clinical child, school, and developmental psychology; neuroscience/neurobiology; special education and educational psychology; social work; communication disorders; and public health and policy."

Plant Extracts in Neurodegenerative Disease examines the therapeutic efficacy of plant extracts and the lead compounds contained therein that can significantly improve symptoms of diseases of the brain. Providing insights into the protective mechanisms of these bioactive plant compounds to treat Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, motor neuron disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, the book also discusses the pros and cons of using these types of treatments, along with perspectives to overcome current challenges. With chapters looking at individual diseases, readers will learn about studies unique to each condition, including Huntington's Disease, spinocerebellar ataxia, SMA, ALS and prion disease.

Many complex molecular interactions are involved in the development of the mammalian brain. Molecules serving as guidance cues for migratory cells, growing axons and for recognition of postsynaptic targets are a major topic for research because they are directly involved in the formation of neuronal circuits, thus creating the foundation for subsequent functional refinement through interactions with the environment. In addition, most guidance cue molecules are also involved in plasticity, damage repair and regeneration in the adult brain. This volume reviews current knowledge on major classes of molecules involved in: guidance of growing axons; tau proteins involved in the establishment of axonal polarity, outgrowth and contact recognition; gangliosides and lectins involved in neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth and contact recognition; and myelin molecules that inhibit nerve regeneration.

This volume provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in targeting glutamate signaling for the treatment of major psychiatric and neurological disorders. It draws on the latest findings in glutamate neurobiology and offers valuable insights into the application of translational principles in neuroscience drug discovery and development. In each chapter, glutamate as a neurotransmitter, its receptors and transporters, and their interplay with other neurotransmitters and neurotrophic factors, are discussed in the context of a specific, highly prevalent and disabling CNS disease. Most recent and detailed information is provided on Ischemic Stroke, Chronic Stress, Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Alzheimer's Dementia, Schizophrenia, Impulsive Aggression, Substance Use Disorders (SUD), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), Chronic Pain, Multiple Sclerosis, Parkinson's Disease, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Migraine, Epilepsy and Anxiety disorders. Moreover, the book includes an extensive overview of glutamatergic treatments already available on the market, and those which are currently in pharmaceutical drug development pipelines. The primary beneficiaries will be neurology and psychiatry specialists and residents, neuroscientists, neuropharmacologists, pharmaceutical industry and clinical research organization professionals, academics, and clinicians working with psychiatric and neurological patients with comorbidities such as cardiologists, pulmonologists, and endocrinologists. This book will also appeal to psychiatry and neurology subspecialists and clinicians working in neuroscience labs seeking an easy-to-understand yet comprehensive overview of contemporary evidence-based clinical insights backed by basic science (preclinical) research evidence. Given its scope, the book is also a unique and indispensable resource for both preclinical and clinical neuroscientists, medical advisors, and clinical research specialists in the pharmaceutical industry. In addition, it will appeal to neuroscience and neuropsychopharmacology students and guide them through the complexities of glutamate involvement in the pathophysiology of the most common debilitating brain diseases with high unmet medical needs.

Integrated Education and Learning aims to discuss novel approaches to offer integrated educational methods. Within the last few years, educational techniques have evolved to favour critical thinking and improve learning skills. This volume links thinking and learning in educational settings and discusses diverse mechanisms that influence this association; including meta-cognitive capacity, memory, cognitive style, conceptual approaches, digitalization, teaching approaches, echoing, and questioning. It embraces this discussion at all levels, from early childhood education to higher education. This book also includes teaching tips for creating a learning environment that cultivates students' creativity and critical thinking on both online platforms and live-in-classroom. The book follows discussing the merits of an integrated educational paradigm that will help develop highly intellectual thinkers and will promote modern values to face current and future challenges. Finally, the book shows a balance between learning and education to enhance creativity, critical thinking and social skills.

The 4th World Congress on Genetics, Geriatrics, and Neurodegenerative Diseases Research (GeNeDis 2020) focuses on the latest major challenges in scientific research, new drug targets, the development of novel biomarkers, new imaging techniques, novel protocols for early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, and several other scientific advances, with the aim of better, safer, and healthier aging. The relation between genetics and its effect on several diseases are thoroughly examined in this volume. This volume focuses on the sessions from the conference on Genetics and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

A pioneering text in its first edition, this revised publication of Cognitive Poetics offers a rigorous and principled approach to literary reading and analysis. The second edition of this seminal text features: * updated theory, frameworks, and examples throughout, including new explanations of literary meaning, the power of reading, literary force, and emotion; * extended examples of literary texts from Old English to contemporary literature, covering genres including religious, realist, romantic, science fictional, and surrealist texts, and encompassing poetry, prose, and drama; * new chapters on the mind-modelling of character, the building of text-worlds, the feeling of immersion and ambience, and the resonant power of emotion in literature; * fully updated and accessible accounts of Cognitive Grammar, deictic shifts, prototypicality, conceptual framing, and metaphor in literary reading. Encouraging the reader to adopt a fresh approach to understanding literature and literary analyses, each chapter introduces a different framework within cognitive poetics and relates it to a literary text. Accessibly written and reader-focused, the book invites further explorations either individually or within a classroom setting. This thoroughly revised edition of Cognitive Poetics includes an expanded further reading section and updated explorations and discussion points, making it essential reading for students on literary theory and stylistics courses, as well as a fundamental tool for those studying critical theory, linguistics, and literary studies.

This volume explores the latest techniques used to study neurodevelopmental diseases (NDD) that range from molecular aspects to integrated research approaches and brain imaging in living rodents. Chapters in this book cover topics such as protocols to deliver shRNA in vitro and in vivo using lentiviral particles to knock-down specific protein expression; experimental procedures to use recombinant fluorescent probes to visualize endogenous proteins at the mammalian synapse; CRISPR/Cas9 toolkit to assess either gain- or loss-of-gene function in brain organoids; detailed protocols to use in vivo manipulations to correct the behavioral phenotypes in cognitive disorder mouse lines; and experimental approaches to genetically engineer macaque models of NDDs and investigate how genetic predisposition may cause neural and functional alterations. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Cutting-edge and practical, Translational Research Methods in Neurodevelopmental Disorders is a valuable resource for all researchers who want to learn more about this important and developing field.

Perhaps the most distinct question in science throughout the ages has been the one of perceivable "reality," treated both in physics and philosophy.Reality is acting upon us, and we, and life in general, are acting upon reality. "Potentiality," found both in quantum reality and in the activity of life, plays a key role. In quantum reality observation turns potentiality into reality. Again, life computes possibilities in various ways based on past actions, and acts on the basis of these computations.

This book is about a new approach to biology (and physics, of course ). Its subtitle suggests a perpetual movement and interplay between two elusive aspects of modern science reality/matter and potentiality/mind, between physics and biology both captured and triggered by mathematics to understand and explain emergence, development and life all the way up to consciousness.

But what is the real/potential difference between living and non-living matter? How does time in potentiality differ from time in reality? What we need to understand these differences is an integrative approach. This book contemplates how to encircle life to obtain a formal system, equivalent to the ones in physics. "Integral Biomathics" attempts to explore the interplay between reality and potentiality.

"

John Lythgoe was one of the pioneers of the 'Ecology of Vision', a subject that he ably delineated in his classic and inspirational book published some 20 years ago [1]. At heart, the original book aimed generally to identify inter-relationships between vision, animal behaviour and the environment. John Lythgoe excelled at identifying the interesting 'questions' in the ecology of an animal that fitted the 'answers' presented by an analysis of the visual system. Over the last twenty years, however, since Lythgoe's landmark publication, much progress has been made and the field has broadened considerably. In particular, our understanding of the 'adaptive mechanisms' underlying the ecology of vision has reached considerable depths, extending to the molecular dimension, partly as a result of development and application of new techniques. This complements the advances made in parallel in clinically oriented vision research [2]. The current book endeavours to review the progress made in the ecology of vision field by bringing together many of the major researchers presently active in the expanded subject area. The contents deal with theoretical and physical considerations of light and photoreception, present examples of visual system structure and function, and delve into aspects of visual behaviour and communi cation. Throughout the book, we have tried to emphasise one of the major themes to emerge within the ecology of vision: the high degree of adaptability that visual mechanisms are capable of undergoing in response to diverse, and dynamic, environments and behaviours.

This book comprehensively reviews the proteins associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also discusses the interactions of the associated-proteins, like bromodomain-containing proteins (BCPs), kinases, synaptic proteins, scaffolding proteins, transcriptional factors, and DNA-binding proteins at the subcellular and molecular levels. The book also explores the potential of these proteins as a druggable target and a biomarker in the neurodevelopmental disorders. The book further explores the recent advancements in understanding the important role of epigenetic factors in predisposition to these diseases. Lastly, it presents genetic factors that lead to variation in gene expression in these diseases, disorders management via diet intervention and the future potential of stem cell therapy.

Loudness is the primary psychological correlate of intensity. When the intensity of a sound increases, loudness increases. However, there exists no simple one-to-one correspondence between loudness and intensity; loudness can be changed by modifying the frequency or the duration of the sound, or by adding background sounds. Loudness also changes with the listener 's cognitive state. Loudness provides a basic reference for graduate students, consultants, clinicians, and researchers with a focus on recent discoveries. The book begins with an overview of the conceptual thinking related to the study of loudness, addresses issues related to its measurement, and later discusses the physiological effects of loud sounds, reaction times and electrophysiological measures that correlate with loudness. Loudness in the laboratory, loudness of steady-state sounds and the loudness of time-varying sounds are also covered, as are hearing loss and models.

Is this a time for a sleeping giant to rise? We have known since study of the lymphocyte and plasma cells really began in earnest in the early 1940's that the pituitary adrenal axis under intimate control of the hypothalamus could influence immunological functions profoundly. We have also known for at least 20 years in my recollection that female sex hor mones can maximize certain immunity functions while male sex hormones tend to suppress many immunological reactions. The thyroid hormones accelerate antibody production while at the same time sp eding up de gradation of antibodies and immunoglobulins and thyroidectomy decreases the rate of antibody production. Further, much evidence has accumulated indicating that the brain, yes even the mind, can influence in significant ways susceptibility to infections, cancers and to development of a variety of autoimmune diseases. More than 20 years ago, my colleagues and I convinced ourselves, if no one else, that hypnosis can exert major in fluences on the effector limb of the classical atopic allergic reactions. We showed with Aaron Papermaster that the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction may be greatly inhibited, indeed largely controlled, by post-hypnotic suggestion. And it was not even necessary for us to publish our discovery because scientists in John Humphrey's laboratory at Mill Hill Research Center in London had beaten us to the punch. They described hypnotic control of both the PK reaction and delayed allergic reactions to tuberculin by hypnosis."

This book discusses new candidates for rapid-acting antidepressants, such as (R)-ketamine, (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, scopolamine, mGluR2/3 antagonists and AMPA receptor agonists. There are serious limitations to currently available antidepressants, such as delayed onset and low rates of efficacy. The discovery that a single dose of ketamine, an NMDAR antagonist, can produce rapid antidepressant effects that are sustained has led to new research in this area. In this volume, a variety of novel pharmaceutical treatments are examined. This volume would be useful to both researchers and clinicians who work in the field of pharmacology, specifically CNS drug treatments.

Neurobiology of Brain Disorders: Biological Basis of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Second Edition provides basic scientists a comprehensive overview of neurological and neuropsychiatric disease. This book links basic, translational, and clinical research, covering the genetic, developmental, molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying all major categories of brain disorders. It offers students, postdoctoral fellows, and researchers in diverse fields of neuroscience, neurobiology, neurology, and psychiatry the tools they need to obtain a basic background in the major neurological and psychiatric diseases. Topics include developmental, autoimmune, central, and peripheral neurodegeneration, infectious diseases, and diseases of higher function. Organized by individual disorder, each chapter includes coverage of the clinical condition, diagnosis, treatment, underlying mechanisms, relevant basic and translational research, and key unanswered questions. This volume reflects progress in the field since publication of the first edition, with fully updated chapters, and new chapters on isolation, aging, global diseases, vascular diseases, and toxic/metabolic disease. New disorder coverage includes fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, Restless Legs Syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and more.

This volume explores the latest techniques used to study brain function and pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), and includes suggestions of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of MDD. The chapters into this book are organized into five parts. Part One discusses advanced approaches to studying well-established pathophysiological mechanisms. Part Two details behavioral research methods for MDD. Part Three looks at the cellular and molecular research methods for major depression, and Part Four describes the latest developments in non-invasive neuroimaging. Part Five focuses on the pharmacological and non-pharmacological interactions, including antidepressant agents and their properties, such as sexual side effects and neuroimaging biomarkers. In the Neuromethods series style, chapters include the kind of detail and key advice from the specialists needed to get successful results in your laboratory. Cutting-edge and comprehensive, Translational Research Methods for Major Depressive Disorders is a valuable resource for researchers and scientists interested in learning more about this important and developing field.

Cognitive Science is an avowedly multidisciplinary field, drawing upon many traditional disciplines or research areas-including Linguistics, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Psychology, Anthropology, Artificial Intelligence, and Education-that contribute to our understanding of cognition. Just as learning and memory cannot truly prove effective as disconnected studies, practical applications of cognitive research, such as the improvement of education and human-computer interaction, require dealing with more complex cognitive phenomena by integrating the methods and insights from multiple traditional disciplines. The societal need for such applications has played an important role in the development of cognitive science. The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Science emphasizes the research and theory that is most central to modern cognitive science. Sections of the volume address computational theories of human cognitive architecture; cognitive functioning, such as problem solving and decision making as they have been studied with both experimental methods and formal modeling approaches; and cognitive linguistics and the advent of big data. Chapters provide concise introductions to the present achievements of cognitive science, supplemented by references to suggested reading, and additional facets of cognitive science are discussed in the handbook's introductory chapter, complementing other key publications to access for further study. With contributions from among the best representatives in their fields, this volume will appeal as the critical resource for the students in training who determine the future of cognitive science.