This book reports the basics of hybrid phosphor materials, their synthesis routes and their special properties and characterization techniques. It gives the reader information about the natural origins and development of hybrid materials, which are developed by combining inorganic and organic species in one material interface-determined materials. The book provides a general classification of hybrid materials, wherein inorganic materials modified by organic moieties are distinguished from organic materials or matrices modified by inorganic constituents. It gives a focus to the functionalization of organic materials by inorganic additives. The application areas covered include optoelectronic field, sensor applications, biological and environmental applications.

This second volume of the "Handbook of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA): Kinetics, Bioengineering and Industrial Aspects" focusses on thermodynamic and mathematical considerations of PHA biosynthesis, bioengineering aspects regarding bioreactor design and downstream processing for PHA recovery from microbial biomass. It covers microbial mixed culture processes and includes a strong industry-focused section with chapters on the economics of PHA production, industrial-scale PHA production from sucrose, next generation industrial biotechnology approaches for PHA production based on novel robust production strains, and holistic techno-economic and sustainability considerations on PHA manufacturing. Aimed at professionals and graduate students in Polymer (plastic) industry, wastewater treatment plants, food industry, biodiesel industry, this book Provides an insight into microbial thermodynamics to reveal the central domain governing in PHA formation, both aerobically and anaerobically. Includes systematic overview of mathematical modelling approaches, starting from low-structured and formal kinetic models until modern tools like metabolic models, cybernetic models and so forth Discusses challenges during scale up of PHA production processes and on development of non-sterile processes and contamination-resistant strains Presents a holistic picture of the current state of PHA research by mixed cultures Reviews the industry-related point of view about current and future trends in PHA production and processing

Thermal analysis is an old technique. It has been neglected to some degree because developments of convenient methods of measurement have been slow and teaching of the understanding of the basics of thermal analysis is often wanting. Flexible, linear macromolecules, also not as accurately simply called polymers, make up the final, third, class of molecules which only was identified in 1920. Polymers have neverbeenfullyintegratedintothedisciplinesofscienceandengineering. Thisbook is designed to teach thermal analysis and the understanding of all materials, flexible macromolecules, as well as those of the small molecules and rigid macromolecules. The macroscopic tool of inquiry is thermal analysis, and the results are linked to microscopic molecular structure and motion. Measurements of heat and mass are the two roots of quantitative science. The macroscopic heat is connected to the microscopic atomic motion, while the macroscopic mass is linked to the microscopic atomic structure. The macroscopic unitsofmeasurementofheatandmassarethejouleandthegram, chosentobeeasily discernable by the human senses. The microscopic units of motion and structure are 12 10 the picosecond (10 seconds) and the angstrom (10 meters), chosen to fit the atomic scales. One notes a factor of 10,000 between the two atomic units when expressed in human units, second and gram with one gram being equal to one cubic centimeter when considering water. Perhaps this is the reason for the much better understanding and greater interest in the structure of materials, being closer to human experience when compared to molecular motion."

Carbohydrate chemistry has seen a resurgence of interest stimulated by increasing awareness of the roles of these substances in biological recognition regulation. In addition, the increasing power of theoretical, physical and synthetic methods have enabled deeper insights into the properties of carbohydrates and their potential for exploitation. Carbohydrates presents a contemporary picture of our knowledge of the structures and syntheses of monosaccharide, oligosaccharide and glycopeptide units, and the properties of some important examples and derivatives including sulphates and polysaccharides. Written by established experts in the field, the book provides informed perspective of nine key areas at a level between basic texts and special research treatments.

Advances in Polymer Science enjoys a longstanding tradition and good reputation in its community. Each volume is dedicated to a current topic, and each review critically surveys one aspect of that topic, to place it within the context of the volume. The volumes typically summarize the significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years and discuss them critically, presenting selected examples, explaining and illustrating the important principles, and bringing together many important references of primary literature. On that basis, future research directions in the area can be discussed. Advances in Polymer Science volumes thus are important references for every polymer scientist, as well as for other scientists interested in polymer science - as an introduction to a neighboring field, or as a compilation of detailed information for the specialist.

Interior Provocations: History, Theory, and Practice of Autonomous Interiors addresses the broad cultural, historical, and theoretical implications of interiors beyond their conventionally defined architectural boundaries. With provocative contributions from leading and emerging historians, theorists, and design practitioners, the book is rooted in new scholarship that expands traditional relationships between architecture and interiors and that reflects the latest theoretical developments in the fields of interior design history and practice. This collection contains diverse case studies from the late eighteenth century to the twenty-first century including Alexander Pope’s Memorial Garden, Design Indaba, and Robin Evans. It is an essential read for researchers, practitioners, and students of interior design at all levels.

The CRC Handbook of Enthalpy Data of Polymer-Solvent Systems presents data that is as essential to the production, process design, and use of polymers as it is to understanding the physical behavior and intermolecular interactions in polymer solutions and in developing thermodynamic polymer models. Providing an all-encompassing collection of current enthalpy data for all types of polymer solutions, this handbook is a ready companion with Christian Wohlfarth's previously published handbooks of thermodynamic data for copolymer solutions, aqueous polymer solutions, and polymer solutions at elevated pressures, which contain only a small amount of enthalpic data in comparison to the data presented here. This volume contains 1770 data sets that include enthalpies of mixing and dilution for the entire concentration range as well as partial enthalpies of mixing and solution at infinite dilution. Special appendices allow scientists to access specific systems and data easily. The CRC Handbook of Enthalpy Data of Polymer-Solvent Systems is a practical, one-stop resource that allows polymer chemists, biochemists, chemical engineers, materials scientists, and physical chemists involved in both industrial and laboratory processes to quickly retrieve relevant information as needed.

The present volume includes most of the material of the invited lectures delivered at the NATO Advanced Study Institute "Morphogenesis through the interplay of nonlinear chemical instabilities and elastic active media" held from 2th to 14th July 2007 at the Institut d'Etudes Scientifiques de Cargese (http: //www.iesc.univ-corse.fr/), in Corsica (France). This traditional place to organize Summer Schools and Workshops in a well equipped secluded location at the border of the Mediterranean sea has, over many years now, earned an increasing deserved reputation. Non-linear dynamics of non equilibrium systems has worked its way into a great number of fields and plays a key role in the understanding of se- organization and emergence phenomena in domains as diverse as chemical reactors, laser physics, fluid dynamics, electronic devices and biological morphogenesis. In the latter case, the viscoelastic properties of tissues are also known to play a key role. The control and formulation of soft responsive or "smart" materials has been a fast growing field of material science, specially in the area of po- mer networks, due to their growing applications in bio-science, chemical sensors, intelligent microfluidic devices, ... . Nature is an important p- vider of active materials whether at the level of tissues or at that of s- cellular structures. As a consequence, the fundamental understanding of the physical mechanisms at play in responsive materials also shines light in the understanding of biological artefacts."

This book is a snapshot of the current state of the art of research and development on the properties and characteristics of silk and their use in medicine and industry. The field encompasses backyard silk production from ancient time to industrial methods in the modern era and includes an example of efforts to maintain silk production on Madagascar. Once revered as worth its weight in gold, silk has captured the imagination from its mythical origins onwards. The latest methods in molecular biology have opened new descriptions of the underlying properties of silk. Advances in technological innovation have created silk production by microbes as the latest breakthrough in the saga of silk research and development. The application of silk to biomaterials is now very active on the basis of excellent properties of silks including recombinant silks for biomaterials and the accumulated structural information.

This book presents a comprehensive survey about the most recent developments in industrial applications, processing techniques and modifications of polymers from marine sources. It systematically introduces the reader to the biomaterials Chitin, Collagen, Alginates, Cellulose and Polyesters and links their interwoven industrial significance and environmental implications. The book elucidates the impact of industrial sourcing of the aquatic system for organic and inorganic matter on the environment and deepens the understanding of the industrial and economic significance of aquatic biopolymers. Further it addresses the question of how to balance the conservation of aquatic life and the industrial and economic interest in developing biodegradable alternatives for plastic. Thus the book will appeal to scientists in the field of chemistry, materials and polymer science as well as engineering.

Interior Provocations: History, Theory, and Practice of Autonomous Interiors addresses the broad cultural, historical, and theoretical implications of interiors beyond their conventionally defined architectural boundaries. With provocative contributions from leading and emerging historians, theorists, and design practitioners, the book is rooted in new scholarship that expands traditional relationships between architecture and interiors and that reflects the latest theoretical developments in the fields of interior design history and practice. This collection contains diverse case studies from the late eighteenth century to the twenty-first century including Alexander Pope's Memorial Garden, Design Indaba, and Robin Evans. It is an essential read for researchers, practitioners, and students of interior design at all levels.

Many industrial formulations such as detergents, paints, foodstuff and cosmetics contain both surfactants and polymers and their interaction govern many of the properties. This book is unique in that it discusses the solution chemistry of both surfactants and polymers and also the interactions between the two. The book, which is based on successful courses given by the authors since 1992, is a revised and extended version of the first edition that became a market success with six reprints since 1998. Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution is broad in scope, providing both theoretical insights and practical help for those active in the area.

This book contains a thorough discussion of surfactant types and gives information of main routes of preparation. A chapter on novel surfactants has been included in the new edition. Physicochemical phenomena such as self-assembly in solution, adsorption, gel formation and foaming are discussed in detail. Particular attention is paid to the solution behaviour of surfactants and polymers containing polyoxyethylene chains. Surface active polymers are presented and their interaction with surfactants is a core topic of the book. Protein-surfactant interaction is also important and a new chapter deals with this issue. Microemulsions are treated in depth and several important application such as detergency and their use as media for chemical reactions are presented. Emulsions and the choice of emulsifier is discussed in some detail. The new edition also contains chapters on rheology and wetting.

Surfactants and Polymers in Aqueous Solution is aimed at those dealing with surface chemistry research at universities and with surfactant formulation in industry.

This book addresses a broad range of issues concerning microplastic pollution, including microplastic pollution in various environments (freshwater, marine, air and soil); the sources, fate and effects of microplastics; detection systems for microplastic pollution monitoring; green approaches for the synthesis of environmentally friendly polymers; recovery and recycling of marine plastics; wastewater treatment plants as a microplastic entrance route; nanoplastics as emerging pollutants; degradation of plastics in the marine environment; impacts of microplastics on marine life; microplastics: from marine pollution to the human food chain; mitigation of microplastic impacts and innovative solutions; sampling, extraction, purification and identification approaches for microplastics; adsorption and transport of pollutants on and in microplastics; and lastly, the socio-economic and environmental impacts: assessment and risk analysis. In addition to presenting cutting-edge information and highlighting current trends and issues, the book proposes concrete solutions to help face this significant environmental threat. It is chiefly intended for researchers and industry decision-makers; international, national and local institutions; and NGOs, providing them with comprehensive information on the origin of the problem; its effects on marine environments, with a particular focus on the Mediterranean Sea and coasts; and recent and ongoing research activities and projects aimed at finding technical solutions to mitigate the phenomenon.

This book delivers a comprehensive overview of the characteristics of several types of materials that are widely used in the current era of supercapacitors; namely, architectured carbon materials, transition metal oxides and conducting polymers. It provides readers with a complete introduction to the fundamentals of supercapacitors, including the development of new electrolytes and electrodes, while highlighting the advantages, challenges, applications and future of these materials. This book is part of the Handbook of Nanocomposite Supercapacitor Materials. Supercapacitors have emerged as promising devices for electrochemical energy storage, playing an important role in energy harvesting for meeting the current demands of increasing global energy consumption. The handbook covers the materials science and engineering of nanocomposite supercapacitors, ranging from their general characteristics and performance to materials selection, design and construction. Covering both fundamentals and recent developments, this handbook serves a readership encompassing students, professionals and researchers throughout academia and industry, particularly in the fields of materials chemistry, electrochemistry, and energy storage and conversion. It is ideal as a reference work and primary resource for any introductory senior-level undergraduate or beginning graduate course covering supercapacitors.

A Practical Guide to Understanding the NMR of Polymers presents an introduction to the theory and practice of NMR, and includes sections on the fundamental principles of NMR and the applications to polymers. This book will help readers understand how these methods can be used to determine the chemical structure of polymers that influences the macroscopic properties. Solid state NMR methods are introduced to enable the readers to measure the structure of polymers on longer length scales. It is also shown how NMR is used to measure the molecular dynamics that can be related to the mechanical properties of polymers.

Polyesters are one of the most important class of polymers in use today. Hundreds of polyesters exist although only about a dozen are of commercial significance. Polyesters are ubiquitous materials in modern life and are used in diverse applications from drink bottles and photographic film to shirts and fabrics. This book serves as a comprehensive, up-to-date reference and includes the following sections:

• Historical development

• Polymerization & polycondensation

• Polyester types

• Fibers, compounds and modifying additives

• Depolymerization & degradation

• Liquid crystal polyesters

• Unsaturated polyesters

This work contains more than 20 contributions with experts from both academia and industry from North America, Europe, the Far East and Australia.

An essential book for plastics engineers, polymer chemists, material scientists and those working in the plastics manufacturing and processing industries that deal with polyester resins.

Written by a chemical physicist specializing in macromolecular physics, this book brings to life the definitive work of celebrated scientists who combined multidisciplinary perspectives to pioneer the field of polymer science. The author relates firsthand the unique environment that fostered the experimental breakthroughs underlying some of today's most widely accepted theories, mathematical principles, and models for characterizing macromolecules.

Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules employs the unifying principles of physical chemistry to define the behavior, structure, and intermolecular properties of macromolecules in both solution and bulk states. The text explains the experimental techniques, such as light scattering, and results used to support current theories. Examining both equilibrium and transport properties, the book describes the properties of dilute, semi-dilute, and concentrated polymer solutions, including compressible fluids. It then covers amorphous liquids and glasses, and polymer networks. The final chapters discuss the properties of solutions containing stiff-chain molecules and polyelectrolytes. Topics also include the macromolecular nature of rubber elasticity, viscoelasticity, and the distribution of relaxation times associated with the glass transition.

By explaining the experimental and mathematical basis for the theories and models used to define macromolecular behavior, Physical Chemistry of Macromolecules demonstrates how these techniques and models can be applied to analyze and predict the properties of new polymeric materials.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the freezing of colloidal suspensions and explores cutting-edge research in the field. It is the first book to deal with this phenomenon from a multidisciplinary perspective, and examines the various occurrences, their technological uses, the fundamental phenomena, and the different modeling approaches. Its chapters integrate input from fields as diverse as materials science, physics, biology, mathematics, geophysics, and food science, and therefore provide an excellent point of departure for anyone interested in the topic. The main content is supplemented by a wealth of figures and illustrations to elucidate the concepts presented, and includes a final chapter providing advice for those starting out in the field. As such, the book provides an invaluable resource for materials scientists, physicists, biologists, and mathematicians, and will also benefit food engineers, civil engineers, and materials processing professionals.

This volume deals with chemistry of polyelectrolytes, namely biocide guanidine containing polymers, discussing both synthesis of new guanidine containing monomers of diallyl and acrylic nature and their structure and investigation of their radical (co)polymerization and properties of new (co)polymers. The first parts of the book describe radical polymerization of these monomers and their co-polymerization with diallyldialkylammonium derivatives, features of their kinetic behavior in these processes (for example, polymerization rates, reactivity ratios) The sections on phycal chemical methods (IR, NMR, DSC ect.) are especially important for studying of structure and properties of synthesized monomer and polymer compounds. The book is finely illustrated with about hundred original figures, schemes and tables including kinetics, NMR, IR spectroscopy, biocide and other data.

Cyclodextrin Materials Photochemistry, Photophysics and Photobiology provides to the scientific community the state-of-the art on photochemistry, photophysics and photobiology of cyclodextrin complexes in one book, and the chapters material will trigger further research in applied science connected to these small nanocapsules.
The chapters contain a large number of information of value not only to readers working in the field of cyclodextrins, but also to researchers working on related areas like those of supramolecular chemistry, nanochemistry, and in general in nano- and biotechnology.
* 14 Chapters reviewed by specialists working in the field
* Chapters are ordered from simple to more complex systems and techniques providing developments in the field and its future
* Of interest to a multidisciplinary audience working in confined nanostructures

New fields of science and technology call for new materials with valuable performance characteristics. Long-term resistance to such temperatures can be found only in polymers with chains made up of thermostable fragments. Particularly interesting in this respect are elementorganic polymers with inorganic and organo-inorganic molecular chains. Elementorganic polymers are not only highly thermostable, but also perform well under low temperatures, sunlight, humidity, weather, etc. Thus, these polymers (especially silicones) are widely and effectively used in the electrical, radio, coal, mechanical rubber, aircraft, metallurgical, textile and other industries. They are of great utility not only in industry, but also in households and in medicine, where their merits can hardly be overestimated. The need to publish this book arose with the scientific and technical developments of the last decade, the reconstruction and technical renovation of existing factories, as well as fundamental changes in some syntheses of elementorganic monomers and polymers. Moreover, nowadays it is essential to train highly-skilled chemical engineers with a comprehensive knowledge of current chemistry, of the production technology of elementorganic monomers and polymers, and of their characteristics and applications.

Modern Methods for Theoretical Physical Chemistry of Biopolymers provides an interesting selection of contributions from an international team of researchers in theoretical chemistry. This book is extremely useful for tackling the complicated scientific problems connected with biopolymers' physics and chemistry.
The applications of both the classical molecular-mechanical and molecular-dynamical methods and the quantum chemical methods needed for bridging the gap to structural and dynamical properties dependent on electron dynamics are explained. Also included are ways to deal with complex problems when all three approaches need to be considered at the same time. The book gives a rich spectrum of applications: from theoretical considerations of how ATP is produced and used as 'energy currency' in the living cell, to the effects of subtle solvent influence on properties of biopolymers and how structural changes in DNA during single-molecule manipulation may be interpreted.
- Presents modern successes and trends in theoretical physical chemistry/chemical physics of biopolymers
- Topics covered are of relevant importance to rapidly developing areas in science such as nanotechnology and molecular medicine
- Quality selection of contributions from renowned scientists in the field

Vincent Bulone et al.: Cellulose sources and new understanding of synthesis in plants Thomas Heinze et al.:Cellulose structure and properties Thomas Rosenau, Antje Potthast, Ute Henniges et al.: Recent developments in cellulose aging (degradation / yellowing / chromophore formation) Sunkyu Park et al.:Cellulose crystallinity Lina Zhang et al.:Gelation and dissolution behavior of cellulose Yoshiyuki Nishio et al.:Cellulose and derivatives in liquid crystals Alessandro Gandini, Naceur Belgacem et al.:The surface and in-depth modification of cellulose fibers Emily D. Cranston et al.:Interfacial properties of cellulose Herbert Sixta, Michael Hummel et al.Cellulose Fibers Regenerated from Cellulose Solutions in Ionic Liquids Qi Zhou et al.:Cellulose-based biocomposites Orlando Rojas et al.:Films of cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils Pedro Fardim et al.:Functional cellulose particles Wadood Hamad et al.:Cellulose Composites

"Covers recent advances in polymer degradation and stabilization. Focuses on the basics of photo- and bio-degradability. Delineates special and general environmental parameters such as solar irradiation, temperature, and agrochemical exposure. Surveys plastic waste disposal strategies such as recycling, incineration, chemical recovery by pyrolysis, and source reduction."

The proposed book focusses on metal mediated/catalyzed "controlled/living radical polymerization" (CRP/LRP) methods. It surveys a wide variety of catalyzed polymerization reactions, making it essentially a "one stop" review in the field. A significant contribution to polymer science is "metathesis polymerization" discovered by Grubbs and others. The book will cover various metathesis polymerization methods and implications in polymer industry.