This book is designed to provide a comprehensive and state-of-the-art resource for clinicians who care for patients with sepsis and research scientist alike, . Patients with severe sepsis requiring ICU admission have very high rates of ICU and overall hospital mortality, with estimates ranging from 18 to 50%. Risk factors for death from sepsis include underlying illness, increased age, and multi-system organ failure. This is compounded by the significant variation in the management of early severe sepsis. Care of these patients and clinical conditions can be quite complex, and materials are collected from the most current, evidence-based resources. Book sections have been structured to review the overall definitions and epidemiology of sepsis as well as current insights into the pathophysiology of sepsis. This review summarizes the evidence for the international consensus guidelines for the identification and management of sepsis. The latter part of this book reviews emerging concepts and approaches in the diagnosis and management of sepsis that may significantly reduce mortality in the future. Sepsis: Pathophysiology, Definitions and the Challenge of Bedside Management represents a collaboration between authors drawn from a variety of disciplines and contributions from basic scientists and highly recognized clinical opinion leaders with expertise in clinical trials.

This book is an account of a study which provided unique information on trends in growth and respiratory health in British children over 25 years, with methodological discussion and other major findings including risk factors for impaired growth, obesity, respiratory disease and the distribution of coronary heart disease factors. The book provides information on trends in growth, height weight for height and subcutaneous arm tissue, and in respiratory health, asthma attacks and related symptoms, in children aged 5 to 11 years, from 1972 to 1994. It provides information on risk factors for impaired growth, obesity and respiratory disease, and on the distribution of risk factors for coronary heart disease in children. The contribution of the National Health and Growth Study extended to topics such as the effects of changes in welfare policy, under-diagnosis and under-treatment of asthma, nocturnal enuresis, disturbed sleep, the impact of passive smoking on the health of children, and the relation of lung function to the child's intra-uterine environment and to passive smoking. The methodological issues in relation to the conduct of the study and analysis of the data are discussed in non-technical language. Each contribution of the study is discussed in relation to current literature, which is fully referenced throughout.

Breathing is so fundamental to life, that the brain is hardwired to the extent that when breathing is compromised for any reason, nothing else matters. Shortness of breath is naturally an attention-getter, but when breathing problems become frequent, help is needed. Of course, health care providers are there to help and prescribe medication that brings temporary relief, but many patients leave with unanswered questions about more permanent, long-lasting treatments or cures. This book guides respiratory patients on having the most productive relationships with their doctors. A registered respiratory therapist, the author uses almost fifty years of clinical experience to outline how patients can be more active participants in their own medical care. With a better understanding of the right questions to ask, more beneficial discussions with doctors will help 'fine-tune' every individual's medical care plan.

It is commonly accepted that "exercise is good for children" but, considering the number of children worldwide exercising, we know comparatively little, compared to adults, about how specific mechanisms influence health and sports performance. There are considerable obstacles that challenge the progress of paediatric research, not least in relation to ethical and methodological considerations. Therefore, advances in the science and clinical application of paediatric exercise physiology, psychology and biomechanics have not reached their potential. Paediatric clinical exercise physiology has application to the role of exercise in the assessment and treatment of paediatric chronic diseases, the utilization of physical activity in preventing illness and enhancing wellbeing and can enhance our understanding of how sports can be made safer and more enjoyable for our young athletes. Exercise and Respiratory Diseases in Paediatrics highlights research by various methodologies, including literature reviews, experimental research and innovations, applied to children and adolescents with respiratory diseases. Chronic conditions such as asthma, bronchiectasis (e.g., cystic fibrosis), and those associated with prematurity and medical complexity are worldwide health problems for young people and although management includes pharmaceutical medications, physiotherapy, nutritional and psychological support, exercise has a role in optimising multidisciplinary care. There has been unprecedented acceleration in new technologies and methodologies that promise to facilitate paediatric research and these are explained and discussed as future research directions. This is reading for post graduate students, researchers, academics and policy makers within the field of paediatric healthcare, physical activity, physiology and the related disciplines.

Reflecting recent major advances in the field of artificial intelligence, Developing the Digital Lung, From First Lung CT to Clinical AI, by Dr. John Newell, is your go-to reference for all aspects of applied artificial intelligence in lung disease development, including application to clinical medicine. It provides a unique overview of the field, beginning with a review of the origins of artificial intelligence in the mid-1970s and progressing to its application to clinical medicine in the early 2020s. Organized based on the four stages of development, this practical, easy-to-use resource helps you effectively apply artificial intelligences to lung imaging. Traces the development of precise quantitative CT of diffuse lung disease through the use of applied AI, leading to faster effective diagnosis of patients with lung disease. Reviews CT manufacturers, models and scanning protocol used to produce the 3D digital maps of the lungs. Discusses how the data processed by AI algorithms can produce measures of emphysema, air trapping, and airway wall thickening in subjects with COPD and measures of pulmonary fibrosis and traction bronchiectasis in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Demonstrates the differences between reactive machine AI and limited memory AI methods. Includes comprehensive case studies and current information on cloud computing. An eBook version is included with purchase. The eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures and references, with the ability to search, customize your content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud.

Key Features Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of work-related asthma, including historical aspects, epidemiology and risk factors, mechanisms and genetics, other types of work-related asthma conditions and variants, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, occupational urticaria and dermatitis Assessment of the worker and workplace along with management of the worker, prevention and medicolegal aspects Of interest not only to pulmonologists, but also for industrial hygienists, researchers, lawyers and other health professionals in the field of work-related conditions Detailed information about specific agents, including a variety of high- and low-molecular weight agents

'Excellent . . . analyses clearly and authoritatively how the coronavirus pandemic played out, what governments should have done, and what we need to do when it happens again - as it undoubtedly will' Financial Times 'You could not hope for a better guide to the pandemic world order than Debora MacKenzie, who's been on this story from the start. This is an authoritative yet readable explanation of how this catastrophe happened - and more important, how it will happen again if we don't change' Tim Harford, author of The Undercover Economist, Adapt and Messy 'This definitely deserves a read - the first of the post mortems by a writer who knows what she's talking about' Laura Spinney, author of Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World In a gripping, accessible narrative, a veteran science journalist lays out the shocking story of how the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic happened and how to make sure this never happens again Over the last 30 years of epidemics and pandemics, we learned every lesson needed to stop this coronavirus outbreak in its tracks. We heeded almost none of them. The result is a pandemic on a scale never before seen in our lifetimes. In this captivating, authoritative, and eye-opening book, science journalist Debora MacKenzie lays out the full story of how and why it happened: the previous viruses that should have prepared us, the shocking public health failures that paved the way, the failure to contain the outbreak, and most importantly, what we must do to prevent future pandemics. Debora MacKenzie has been reporting on emerging diseases for more than three decades, and she draws on that experience to explain how COVID-19 went from a potentially manageable outbreak to a global pandemic. Offering a compelling history of the most significant recent outbreaks, including SARS, MERS, H1N1, Zika, and Ebola, she gives a crash course in Epidemiology 101--how viruses spread and how pandemics end--and outlines the lessons we failed to learn from each past crisis. In vivid detail, she takes us through the arrival and spread of COVID-19, making clear the steps that governments knew they could have taken to prevent or at least prepare for this. Looking forward, MacKenzie makes a bold, optimistic argument: this pandemic might finally galvanize the world to take viruses seriously. Fighting this pandemic and preventing the next one will take political action of all kinds, globally, from governments, the scientific community, and individuals--but it is possible. No one has yet brought together our knowledge of COVID-19 in a comprehensive, informative, and accessible way. But that story can already be told, and Debora MacKenzie's urgent telling is required reading for these times and beyond. It is too early to say where the COVID-19 pandemic will go, but it is past time to talk about what went wrong and how we can do better.

Despite the world-wide drive to increase awareness of the risks of smoking, lung cancer remains a global problem. A multidisciplinary team approach is now considered the most effective way to manage lung cancer. Imaging plays a central role in this multidisciplinary approach; this is reflected in the present volume. Individual chapters focus on imaging (including screening, diagnosis of symptomatic cases and staging), pathology and treatment options in lung cancer. Due to recent interest in the potential role of PET for a variety of malignancies, a separate chapter is devoted to this technique. Each volume in Contemporary Issues in Cancer Imaging is co-ordinated by an expert guest editor with contributions from all members of the multidisciplinary team, bringing together expertise from many specialities to promote the understanding and application of modern imaging in patient management.

Vitamin D deficiency is a worldwide problem and many associations with diseases are being discovered. Recently, there has been an interest in the role that vitamin D plays in the inception and progression of lung disease. Vitamin D and the Lung: Mechanisms and Disease Associations delivers a concise, evidence-based review of the evidence for a role of vitamin D in various lung disorders. Divided into three sections, the first section of the book delivers a review of how vitamin D deficiency emerged in human populations, and gives a perspective on how humans evolved to maximize the efficiency of production of vitamin D. The second section of the book reviews aspects of vitamin D mechanisms on different immune cells, lung tissue, and genetics that have potential impact on lung disease. The third section follows with chapters on associations of vitamin D with the risk for viral infections, asthma and allergies, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, tuberculosis, and finally, lung cancer with an emphasis on ongoing research and clinical issues and needs for future research in each field. Written by an international group of expert authors, Vitamin D and the Lung: Mechanisms and Disease Associations is an essential text for researchers in the respiratory field and practicing clinicians including internists, pulmonologists, and primary care personnel.

Organisms need to be able to maintain nearly constant internal environments in order to survive, grow and function effectively and efficiently. By maintaining homeostasis, humans remain healthy, strong and protected from the invasion of foreign organisms, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. This practical pocket guide covers: * the anatomy and physiology of cardiovascular system vital signs * recognition of common arrhythmias and important skills for cardiovascular health cannulation and venepuncture * the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory system * skills related to addressing respiratory problems. This competency-based text covers relevant key concepts, anatomy and physiology, lifespan matters, assessment and nursing skills. To support your learning, it also includes learning outcomes, concept map summaries, activities, questions and scenarios with sample answers and critical reflection thinking points. Quick and easy to reference, this short, clinically-focused guide is ideal for use on placements or for revision. It is suitable for pre-registration nurses, students on the nursing associate programme and newly qualified nurses.

Nutrition in Pediatric Pulmonary Disease is a much needed resource for practitioners that provides a basic understanding of nutrition and nutritional supplements; their impact on physiologic function and how this can be applied for general health maintenance as well as a supplemental treatment for pulmonary diseases. This book provides information on (1) basics of nutrition, supplements and herbs and how they influence physiology (2) their application and potential use for various pulmonary diseases along with evidence regarding efficacy and safety. Also examined are (3) how diet, dietary supplements and herbs are integrated together for treatment and prevention of pulmonary disease. Finally (4) several health promoting diets and their potential benefits to patients with pulmonary diseases will be discussed. Nutrition in Pediatric Pulmonary Disease is an excellent new resource for practicing physicians who are interested in incorporating more nutritional approaches to treating their patients.

Over the last decade the science and medicine of high altitude and hypoxia adaptation has seen great advances. "High Altitude: Human Adaptation to Hypoxia "addresses the challenges in dealing with the changes in human physiology and the particular medical conditions that arise from exposure to high altitude. In-depth and comprehensive chapters cover both the basic science and the clinical consequences of exposure to high altitude. Genetic, cellular, organ and whole body system responses to high altitudes are covered and chapters discuss these effects on a wide range of diseases. Expert authors provide insight into the care of patients with pre-existing medical conditions that fail in some cases to adapt as well as offer insights into how high altitude research can help critically ill patients. "High Altitude: Human Adaptation to Hypoxia" is an important new volume that offers a window into greater understanding and more successful treatment of hypoxic human diseases."

The Right Ventricle in Health and Disease provides a comprehensive and up-to-date database and collection of the available information which describes the structure and function of the normal right ventricle. The right ventricular performance and function reserve has now finally moved to the center of the stage as clinicians recognize that the drugs presently used to treat patients with severe pulmonary hypertension do not necessarily improve the performance of the right ventricle and because the survival depends on the right ventricular function that treatment strategies need to be developed to primarily protect the right ventricle from failing. In-depth chapters discuss right heart function and failure in patients with congenital heart diseases, review modern imaging techniques used to describe right ventricular form and function in patients with right heart failure (including cardiac MRI and PET scanning), describe ventricular interdependence: the left ventricle in pulmonary hypertension and discuss the concept of the sick lung circulation and its contribution to right heart failure. Treatment strategies of chronic right heart failure including drugs and mechanical devices are also discussed.

In 1882, Robert Koch discovered the TB bacillus, signaling a redirection of medical thinking from the trial and error guesswork of individual experience toward medical care based upon science. Professor Ellison uses the career of Edward Livingston Trudeau (1848-1915), a recognized leader in the American crusade against tuberculosis, to examine the development of medical science as a human process. Ellison asks how the germ theory influenced the thinking of physicians like Trudeau; how it affected the sanitorium treatment of patients, and even the development of laboratory studies. During Trudeau's lifetime, physicians confronted a killer disease with contradictory knowledge that was largely empirical, based on their clinical experience. Koch's discovery of the cause of tuberculosis raised the hope that a cure was within easy reach. But, in the end, a cure eluded Trudeau. Despite this, he adopted a method of caring for patients in the early stages of tuberculosis, he legitimated that system to the public, and he defended it before his fellow physicians. Trudeau's story has lessons for the way society looks at medicine specifically and all sciences in general. As such, this book will be of great interest to historians of medicine and science.

This book provides an up-to-date review of current management techniques for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. It addresses all of the latest issues that have been raised by the discovery of oncogenic drivers and the improvement of diagnosis and therapeutic methods, including new radiotherapy techniques and anticancer strategies like immunotherapy. New strategies for patients with molecular alterations and the management of particular types of cases are also highlighted. Written by recognized experts in their field, the book represents a unique and valuable resource in the field of lung cancer, both for those currently in training and for those already in clinical or research practice.

The respiratory tract is a frequent target of infections caused by a wide range of organisms. The book provides reader-friendly information on aspects of pulmonary infections, including comprehensive accounts of bacterial and viral diseases, therapeutic approaches, molecular and classical culture-related techniques of diagnosis and explaining the basic cell biological mechanism. The role of oxidative stress, both helpful in fighting invading pathogens and detrimental in yielding to infection is detailed as it is often undervalued and needs focus. The chapters encompass latest developments and applications in bacteriology and virology, preventive and therapeutic tips, and raise attention to implementation of proper antibiotic policies by medical institutions to decrease resistance to antimicrobials. The perennial problem of low influenza vaccination coverage rate is rationalized. The volume will be of interest to both clinicians and biomedical researchers engaged in this exciting field.

The book endeavors to provide a stimulating and thought provoking scientific content to share and exchange new clinical studies and advancements in dealing with pulmonary diseases. The topics vary from clinical to translational research in respiratory diseases such as lung cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bacterial and fungal infections, lung lesions during febrile maladies, and others. An attempt has been made to show the intertwined relationship between the pulmonary system and other body systems such as kidney, cardiac, or hormonal functions. The ensuing interlocked morbidities, often exacerbating one another, require the coordination of various medical specialties to optimize the diagnostic and therapeutic processes. The knowledge sharing through publications of research and clinical experiences is indispensable to accelerate the innovation spectrum and to continue working on the therapeutic and preventive strategies in chronic pulmonary diseases. The book is addressed to pulmonologists, chest physicians, researchers, and healthcare professionals engaged in patient care.

Dispelling the commonly held belief that lung cancer is always self-inflicted, this book guides patients, their loved ones, and caregivers through diagnosis, acceptance, and treatment, and provides support and hope to the tens of thousands of people coping with this illness. Lung cancer is a serious illness-one that is considered among medicine's most dreaded diagnoses. Alone, it's responsible for 29 percent of cancer deaths in the United States and causes more deaths than breast, colon, ovarian, and prostate cancer combined! Additionally, lung cancer isn't typically discovered until it causes symptoms, at which point options are limited and the chances of a cure greatly reduced. But it doesn't have to be this way. In this book, Dr. Eric Presser provides an empowering, comprehensive guide to lung cancer for anyone seeking a deeper understanding of the treatments available, coping with the diagnosis, and dealing with the side effects associated with the disease on both patients and their loved ones. His book offers a complete resource for anyone touched by lung cancer, presenting the latest scientifically tested information to help reduce the rates of illness and infirmity and ultimately make lung cancer a thing of the past. The book first covers the basic information necessary to understand lung cancer, including lung anatomy. Dr. Presser then identifies the six steps that will with help people cope with lung cancer and take charge of their lives. The final section focuses on nutrition and lung cancer in addition to practical concerns such as health insurance, work and disability, and financial challenges. Provides a crucial reference that helps patients, caregivers, and loved ones educate themselves and obtain the best possible treatments Discusses customized chemotherapy; treatment options for early-stage lung cancer, including minimally invasive surgery techniques pioneered by author Dr. Eric Presser; and today's most promising treatments, including multimodality therapy Examines the latest diagnostic tools for the early detection of lung cancer, emphasizes the importance of cancer staging, and evaluates the range of alternative treatments Guides readers concerning emotional matters such as telling family members and dealing with guilt, and with the practical needs of late-stage lung cancer patients

This book is a blend of medical research and clinical practice. Advancements in practice are inextricably bound to have research underpinnings. The articles highlight a range of practical topics. The respiratory tract is upfront as the first line of defense of the organism. Virological and bacteriological aspects of the infections that continue to be a scourge worldwide, influenza and tuberculosis, are dealt with. Sleep disordered breathing is another hot topic. Allergy and atopy, and the role of nutraceuticals in providing anticancer benefits due to the inhibitory effects on tumor growth and angiogenesis are referred to. Other chapters describe the use of mesenchymal stem cells for regeneration of the worn away cartilage tissue in the knee. The assessment and management of cognitive decline, sarcopenia and frailty of old age also figure prominently in the texts. The book is an attempt to demonstrate the viability of a bench-to-bedside design in point-of-care patient applications. Hopefully, it will be a source of information on interdisciplinary medical research advancements, addressing the needs of medical professionals, from scientists to clinicians and allied health professionals.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. By 2020, COPD is expected to be the fifth leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death. COPD is associated with significant co-morbid illnesses including cardiovascular disease, pulmonary vascular disease, osteoporosis, depression and thoracic malignancies. In addition, COPD patients often have systemic manifestations of their disease, including peripheral muscle dysfunction, decreased activity levels and nutritional abnormalities, all of which contribute to poor functional status, decreased quality of life and increased health care utilization. Lack of recognition and understanding of the complex interactions of these common co-morbid conditions and systemic effects often contributes to sub-optimal care for patients with COPD. Comprehensive in covering the range of co-morbidities that often accompany COPD, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Co-Morbidities and Systemic Consequences provides a concise, evidence-based review of the problem and its systemic manifestations. All physicians interested in this growing disorder - from subspecialists to primary care providers -will find in this timely and informative title the practical, state-of-the art approaches needed to provide targeted, integrated care for patients with COPD.

This book discusses the sources, human health hazards and risk prevention strategies associated with aeolian dust particles (fine and ultrafine) in the atmosphere. It covers the challenges of accurately forecasting aeolian dust and the need to raise public awareness on the warning signs and harmful impacts of airborne dust. Also discussed is the presence of microorganisms, heavy metals and other pollutants in dust which contributes to harmful impacts on human health as well as management and treatment options for the various health issues that can result from exposure. The book is a useful resource for scientists, engineers and policymakers interested in dust and health.

Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes introduces the respiratory system and its function during exercise. It considers the main respiratory conditions affecting athletes and delivers practical advice for the management of respiratory issues in athletic populations. With contributions from leading international experts, the book discusses fundamental scientific principles and provides pragmatic 'hands-on' clinical guidance to enable practical application. Each chapter includes useful pedagogical features such as case studies and guides for carrying out assessments. The book covers wide a range of topics, including: respiratory system function during exercise impact of the environment on the upper and lower airways asthma related issues in athletes allergic rhinitis in athletes exercise induced laryngeal obstruction exercise induced dysfunctional breathing paterns respiratory muscle training role of screening for respiratory issues in athletes assessing and dealing with respiratory infections in athletes. This text is key reading for both newly qualified and established medical, scientific and therapy practitioners who are working with athletes with respiratory issues. It is also a valuable resource for students of sports medicine, sports therapy, and sport and exercise science courses.

Using a multidisciplinary approach, Human Respiratory Viral Infections is set at the level between the definitive reference work and an essential clinical manual. Exploring recent advances in human respiratory viral research, the text builds on the basic sciences of epidemiology, virology, molecular biology, and immunology to cover clinical diagnosis, mechanism of pathogenesis, manifestations of disease, impact, treatment, and management strategies. Provides a comprehensive review of all the major human respiratory viral infections Supplies a detailed description of the anatomy of the respiratory system Discusses the salient features of specific viruses Examines the latest diagnostic tools Covers risk factors associated with incidence of respiratory viral infections in children and adults in different occupational and environmental settings Presenting the latest knowledge in human respiratory viral infections, this text will be immensely valuable for pulmonologists, biomedical scientists, research scholars, virologists, vaccinologists, immunologists, clinicians, pharmacologists, and public health specialists.