This issue, Guest Edited by Drs. Shyam Mohapatra and Gary Hellermann, will include topics such as: Virus-induced airway injury and asthma inception; Pediatric infectious diseases and asthma; Rhinoviruses and inception or exacerbation of asthma; Respiratory syncytial virus infections in the adult asthmatic-role of viral subversion and host susceptibility in RSV infection; New rhinovirus clades and their significance in asthma exacerbation and airway remodeling; Metapneumovirus and asthma.

Respiratory infections are among the most common causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide.? These infections present a special challenge to physicians for several reasons, including of the recent disasters caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and bird and swine influenza, the increase in viral and bacterial resistance to currently available anti-microbial drugs, the increased frequency of new viral lung infections in clinical practice, and the worldwide emergence of deadly drug-resistant forms of TB.? For these reasons, it is important for infectious disease specialists to have an overview of emerging respiratory infections.

We start life with a breath, and the process continues automatically for the rest of our lives. Because breathing continues on its own, without our awareness, it does not necessarily mean that it is always functioning for optimum mental and physical health. The opposite is true often. The problem with breathing is that it seems so easy and natural that we rarely give it a second thought. We breathe: we inhale, we exhale. What could be simpler? But behind that simple act lies a process that affects us profoundly. It affects the way we think and feel, the quality of what we create, and how we function in our daily life. Breathing affects our psychological and physiological states, while our psychological states affect the pattern of our breathing. For example, when anxious, we tend to hold our breath and speak at the end of inspiration in a high-pitched voice. Depressed people tend to sigh and speak at the end of expiration in a low-toned voice. A child having a temper tantrum holds his or her breath until blue in the face. Hyperven tilation causes not only anxiety but also such a variety of symptoms that patients can go from one specialty department to another until a wise clinician spots the abnormal breathing pattern and the patient is successfully trained to shift from maladaptive to normal breathing behavior."

This issue offers a valuable update in the fast-moving specialty of sleep medicine.? Topics covered include: The Neurobiology of Sleep; Adult Obstructive Sleep Apnea; Central Sleep Apnea (including complex sleep apnea and ASV); Pediatric Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders; Hypoventilation Syndromes; Metabolism in OSA; Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea; Home Sleep Apnea Testing; Insomnia; Excessive Sleepiness; Narcolepsy; Restless Leg Syndrome and Movement Disorders; Parasomnia; Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders; Medication Effects on Sleep; and Polysomnography.

Topics include: Bronchoscopy of the past and the Future, Flexible Bronchoscopes of the 21st Century, Electromagnetic Navigation, Airway Stents, Early Diagnosis of Lung Cancer, Endoscopic Staging of Bronchogenic Carcinoma, Role of Bronchoscopy in the evaluation of Solitary Pulmonary Nodule, Endoscopic Management of Emphysema, Bronchoscopic Thermoplasty, Radiofrequency Ablation of the Peripheral Lung Lesions, Role of Bronchoscopy in Lung Transplantation, Virtual Mapping, Current Status of Pleuroscopy.

Recognizing the increasing importance of ultrasonography in the evaluation and management of patients across a range of medical disciplines, this guide provides illustrative instruction on the performance and interpretation of ultrasound examinations in emergency, critical care, hospital, and outpatient settings.

This issue, guest edited by Alimuddin Zumla and H. Simon Schaaf, focuses on the topic of Tuberculosis. Articles include: Global Burden and Epidemiology of Tuberculosis; Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in the West. Europe and the United States: Epidemiology, Surveillance, and Control; Multidrug- and Extensively Drug-resistant Tuberculosis in Africa and South America: Epidemiology, Diagnosis and Management in Adults and Children; Antiretroviral Therapy for Control of the HIV-associated Tuberculosis Epidemic in Resource-Limited Settings; Novel and Improved Technologies for Tuberculosis Diagnosis: Progress and Challenges; Advances in Imaging Chest Tuberculosis: Blurring of Differences Between Children and Adults; Update on Tuberculosis of the Central Nervous System: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment; Advances in Immunotherapy for Tuberculosis Treatment, and more!

Sleep Apnea: Implications in Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease specifically addresses the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular consequences of sleep apnea and is geared toward a broad readership of physicians that will ultimately aid patients suffering from sleep apnea.

The Second Edition ensures that there is a critical synthesis of existing literature and new information, linking sleep apnea to the major disease burdens faced by developed and developing nations. This synthesis includes both new basic and epidemiological data and published clinical trials linking sleep apnea to:

• inflammation
• the metabolic syndrome
• stroke
• hypertension and heart failure

This issue will focus on treatments for Chronic Rhinosinusitis. Dr. Wyste Fokkens guest edits topics such as: "Inflammatory mechanisms in chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyposis," "European versus Asian Chronic rhinosinusitis. What did it teach us and what do we want to know," "Epithelium, cilia and mucus, their importance in chronic rhinosinusitis Noam Cohen Noam," "Aspirin intolerance: does desensitization alter the course of the disease," "Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides: applications in CRS," and more!

Topics include: The History of Polysomnography and Sleep Technology, Generating a Signal: Biopotentials, Amplifiers and Filters, Recording sleep; Electrodes, 10/20 Recording system and sleep system specifications, Staging sleep, Respiratory monitoring equipment and detection of respiratory events, Differentiating Nocturnal Movements; Leg movements, Parasomnias and Seizures, Cardiac monitoring during sleep, Determination of Sleepiness - MWT & MSLT, Pediatric Polysomnography, PSG features of medical and psychiatric disorders and their treatments, Artifacts and Troubleshooting, Portable Monitoring, PAP titration, The Future of Sleep and Circadian Testing

This issue of Clinics in Laboratory Medicine, entitled Respiratory Viruses in Pediatric and adult Populations, is Guest Edited by Alexander J. McAdam MD, PhD, and includes: Developments in Specimen Collection and Tissue Culture for Respiratory Viruses; Nucleic acid amplification assays for respiratory viruses; Emerging molecular assays for respiratory viruses; Drug Resistance in Influenza Virus; Quantitative assays for adenovirus; RSV vaccine development; Human Metapneumovirus; and Recently discovered coronaviruses.

Topics include: The Obesity Epidemic, Altered Resting and Exercise Respiratory Physiology in Obesity, Association of Asthma and Other Obstructive Lung Diseases and Obesity, Role of Obesity in Obstructive Sleep Apnea, The Pickwickian Syndrome - Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, Obesity and Thromboembolic Disease, Medical Therapy of Obesity, Obesity and Bariatric Surgery, Airway Management of Patients with Obesity, Anesthetic Management of Patients with Obesity, Obesity and Acute Lung Injury, Obese Patients in the Intensive Care Units, Obesity Cardiomyopathy, Obesity and Respiratory Diseases in Childhood, Obesity and Respiratory Diseases in the Aging Population.

Written by internationally recognized experts, Pulmonary Hypertension bridges the gap between pulmonology and cardiology to provide clinicians in both disciplines with knowledge of the signs, symptoms, diagnosis, and pharmacologic and surgical treatments for pulmonary hypertension (PH). Through the use of clinical trials, this ground-breaking text supplies a comprehensive review of both the primary and secondary clinical and investigative aspects of this condition.

Discussing controversies and concepts in PH diagnosis and management, this guide explores:

• classification and epidemiology, pathology, pathogenesis, genetics, and diagnosis of PH
• causes of the condition, such as idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH)
• PAH-complicating connective tissue diseases (CTD), congenital heart diseases, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other disorders
• the mechanisms, toxicities, and efficacy of therapeutic agents
• the role of combination therapies, novel agents, and future directions
• PH in specific patient populations such as pregnant and critically-ill patients in the ICU

This issue provides an update on some of the most common conditions that a pulmonologist sees in the ICU. Topics covered include intraabdominal hypertension, liver failure, intracranial catastrophes, critical issues in Nephrology, Heart failure, adrenal insufficiency and septic shock, obstetrical emergencies in critical care, hematologic issues in the ICU, ICU cognitive outcomes, end-of-life issues, sepsis, sedation and analgesia, measurement of quality and assurance of safety, and critical care of the hematopoetic transplant recipient.

Inhalation aerosols continue to be the basis for successful lung therapy for several diseases, with therapeutic strategies and the range of technology significantly evolving in recent years. In response, this third edition takes a new approach to reflect the close integration of technology with its application. After briefly presenting the general considerations that apply to aerosol inhalation, the central section of the book uses the focus on disease and therapeutic agents to illustrate the application of specific technologies. The final integrated strategies section draws the major points from the applications for disease targets and drug products.

In this imporatant update, the guest editors have brought together experts in fungal disease to discuss some of the most important topics in this area: histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, PCP, cryptococcosis, fungal infections in the era of biologics, Candida in the ICU, Aspergillus pulmonary syndromes, fungal disease in BMT and SOT, fungal complications of lung transplantation, Moulds, serology and Ag testing, role of BAL in rapid diagnosis, molecular testing, and overview of antifungal agents.

Roitt's Essential Immunology - the textbook of choice for students and instructors of immunology worldwide Roitt s Essential Immunology clearly explains the key principles needed by medical and health sciences students, from the basis of immunity to clinical applications. A brand new introduction sets the scene to section 1, Fundamentals of Immunology, introducing the microbial world and the strategies the body employs to defend itself. Each chapter then guides the reader through a different part of the immune system, and explains the role of each cell or molecule individually, and then as a whole. Section 2, Applied Immunology, discusses what happens when things go wrong, and the role the immune system plays alongside the damaging effects of a disease, including cancer, immunodeficiency, allergies and transplantation and the beneficial effects of vaccines. The 13th edition continues to be a user-friendly and engaging introduction to the workings of the immune system, whilst supporting those who require a slightly more detailed understanding of the key developments in immunology. The content has been fully updated throughout and includes: * An expansion on key clinical topics, including: innate immunity, autoimmune conditions, asthma, primary immunodeficiency, and HIV/AIDS * Beautifully presented with improved artwork and new illustrations * A range of learning features, including introduction re-cap boxes, end of chapter and section summaries to aid revision, as well as further reading suggestions, and a glossary to explain the most important immunology terms. Roitt's Essential Immunology is also supported by a companion website at www.roitt.com including: * An additional online only chapter on immunological methods and applications * Further interactive multiple choice and single best answer questions for each chapter * Animations and videos showing key concepts * Fully downloadable figures and illustrations, further reading and useful links * Updated extracts from the Encyclopaedia of Life Sciences * Podcasts to reinforce the key principles explained in the text

This issue of Pediatric Clinics, guest edited by Dr. Anne Chang, reviews the topic of Common Respiratory Disorders of Childhood. The articles in this issue approach the topic from an evidence-based management perspective. The first half of the issue offers symptom-based articles addressing respiratory noises, cough, exercise intolerance/dyspnoea, chest pain and chest wall deformity, and recurrent upper and lower respiratory infections. The second half of the issue offers disease-based articles on topics including upper respiratory tract infections and ear infections, asthma, bronchiolitis and croup, congenital airway lesions and lung disease, bronchiectasis and cystic fibrosis, aspiration lung disease, pneumonia and other respiratory infections, sleep disorders, neuromuscular disease and other chronic respiratory failure, and children on ambulatory oxygen.

In 1772 in Uppsala the Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovered the element Oxygen. Two hundred and one years later, in 1973, the International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (ISOTT) was founded. Since then there has been an annual ISOTT meeting. After 24 years of international ISOTT meetings it was decided, at the 2005 summit in Bary, Italy, that the 2007 meeting was to be held in Uppsala, Sweden. Thus, after the Louisville meeting we, in the Uppsala group, withdrew to the Edgewater Resort at Taylorsville Lake outside Louisville and prepared the Uppsala ISOTT meeting by tasting Kentucky Bourbons, smoking cigars while bathing in a jacuzzi in the hot dark Kentucky night full of fire flies and a sky full of stars. The ISOTT program should include different aspects of oxygen - however, it is accepted that each meeting has its own local "touch". We decided to focus the Uppsala ISOTT meeting on the theme of "Imaging and measuring oxygen changes". With this in mind we invited scientists within and outside the ISOTT society. We then also received lots of good abstracts from ISOTT members that were included in the program. Lars-Olof Sundeloef introduction speech "AIR AND FIRE" concerned how oxygen was discovered in Uppsala in 1772 by Karl Wilhelm Scheele. After the introduction speech a get together event took place in the magnificent and spacious foyer of Uppsala University main building. The vice chancellor Ulf Pettersson welcomed all delegates to Sweden and Uppsala.

This volume is dedicated to multidisciplinary research at the interface between basic biomedicine and clinical practice. This book guides best practice in the diagnosis and therapy while dealing with difficult-to-treat disorders of yet unclear etiology. Chapters address such disorders as granulomatosis with polyangiitis causing autoimmune-related multiorgan inflammation of blood vessels, increasingly widespread allergy to peanuts, occupational exposure to zinc oxide, and immunogenic responses to pneumococcal and influenza vaccination underlying their preventive effectiveness. Other hot issues deal with the proper use of fluid therapy in the perioperative period and a cognitive decline in lung transplant patients. A new physiotherapeutic approach of treating key myofascial trigger points in low-back pain appears highly beneficial in reducing patients' disability, advancing physiotherapy of this overwhelming condition. Finally, other chapters consider ways to streamline medical management to increase the number of physicians and their availability for patients, a particularly sensitive issue in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The dissemination of clinical knowledge about high-risk and hardly controllable conditions is an inalienable part of progress in medical practice. The book is a resource for clinical specialists, general practitioners, and allied healthcare professionals.

The health-related effects of asbestos have long been mired in controversy, with industry and plaintiff attorneys playing a significant role. This comprehensive book provides a balanced and extensive evidence-based critical analysis of the literature concerning asbestos-related diseases, from a scientific and historical perspective. The book presents a carefully referenced review of the medical literature on the health effects of asbestos, and reflects the extensive experience of the author in evaluating patients with asbestos-related disorders.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic disease, which encompasses chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic asthma. It is a disease that is predominately caused by smoking and unfortunately is on the increase. Although it is one of the most common diseases seen in primary care, until fairly recently has received very little recognition.

"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease in Primary Care" is the first book of its kind to provide health professionals with practical advice and coping strategies for patients and their carers to help enhance their quality of life living with COPD.

Incorporating NICE COPD guidelines it provides practical guidance and information on the following key points: Assessment Accurate diagnosis Managing patients effectively to control their symptoms, particularly breathlessness.

COPD management not only involves medical intervention but also involves caring for the patient from a holistic perspective, which is well illustrated in this book.

"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary disease in Primary Care" is an essential resource guide for all health professionals caring for patients with COPD. This one book provides all the relevant information required for patients with this condition.

Arthur McIvor and Ronald Johnston explore the experience of coal miners' lung diseases and the attempts at voluntary and legal control of dusty conditions in British mining from the late nineteenth century to the present. In this way, the book addresses the important issues of occupational health and safety within the mining industry; issues that have been severely neglected in studies of health and safety in general. The authors examine the prevalent diseases, notably pneumoconiosis, emphysema and bronchitis, and evaluate the roles of key players such as the doctors, management and employers, the state and the trade unions. Throughout the book, the integration of oral testimony helps to elucidate the attitudes of workers and victims of disease, their 'machismo' work culture and socialisation to very high levels of risk on the job, as well as how and why ideas and health mentalities changed over time. This research, taken together with extensive archive material, provides a unique perspective on the nature of work, industrial relations, the meaning of masculinity in the workplace and the wider social impact of industrial disease, disability and death. The effects of contracting dust disease are shown to result invariably in seriously prescribed lifestyles and encroaching isolation. The book will appeal to those working on the history of medicine, industrial relations, social history and business history as well as labour history.

Master the equipment, devices, and techniques used in respiratory therapy! Mosby's Respiratory Care Equipment, 11th Edition provides a comprehensive guide to treating patients with cardiopulmonary dysfunction. Using a how-to approach, this text helps you learn to identify and select equipment, understand its operation, and apply your knowledge to clinical practice. It also discusses assessment, testing, protocols, and troubleshooting of the devices used in airway management. Written by noted educator J. M. Cairo and a team of expert contributors, this leading text provides the skills that will help you breathe easier as you prepare for NBRC examinations. Unique! Clinical approach provides a "how to" approach to identifying equipment, understanding how it works, and applying the information in clinical practice. Unique! Organization of ventilators by application area and manufacturer makes it easier to learn, review, and locate ventilator information. Unique! Infection Control chapter reviews microbiology and infection control, a topic that RTs must understand to prevent healthcare-associated infections, and discusses infection control in mass casualty situations. Unique! Clinical Scenario boxes address problems that may be encountered during actual use of equipment and raise clinically relevant questions, with suggested answers on the Evolve companion website. Learning features include chapter outlines, learning objectives, key terms, chapter introductions, and bulleted key point summaries to identify and reinforce the most important material in each chapter. Chapter review questions at the end of every chapter reinforce your comprehension, using NBRC-style multiple-choice or critical-thinking questions to match the types of questions covered on the NBRC exams. Unique! Historical Notes boxes highlight clinically relevant and valuable historical information on respiratory care equipment. Excerpts of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs), statements of care developed by the AARC, provide important information regarding indications/contraindications, hazards and complications, assessment of need, assessment of outcome, and monitoring. Glossary of key terms is listed in the back of the book for quick reference. NEW! Updated clinical scenarios are added throughout the text, which incorporate clinical practice guidelines (AARC, AECC, CCM) and reflect NBRC exam outlines. NEW! Updated end-of-chapter questions include additional clinical data, which also incorporate clinical practice guidelines (AARC, AECC, CCM) and reflect NBRC exam outlines. NEW! Coverage of infant and pediatric ventilators is now included in the Mechanical Ventilators: General Use Devices chapter. NEW! Updated Transport, Home Care, and Noninvasive Devices chapter includes the use of mechanical ventilators in alternative sites, e.g., air transport and long-term acute care (LTAC) facilities.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was first identified half a century ago in 1956. Following its discovery, the virus soon became recognised as a major viral pathogen causing extensive outbreaks of respiratory tract infections in both the very young and in vulnerable adults. It is an unusual virus in that it can cause repeated reinfections throughout life. The topics covered within this volume are wide ranging in scope from the most basic molecular biology of the virus to the clinical picture of RSV in the developing world. The internationally recognised experts were invited not only to review the present state of knowledge but also to give their perspective on the current situation and to identify the gaps and future requirements for research in an effort to stimulate new cross-cutting approaches to tackle this major viral pathogen.