This book provides a comprehensive review of functional nanomaterials for electrochemical applications, presenting interesting examples of nanomaterials with different dimensions and their applications in electrochemical energy storage. It also discusses the synthesis of functional nanomaterials, including quantum dots; one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructures; and advanced nanocomposites. Highlighting recent advances in current electrochemical energy storage hotpots: lithium batteries, lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, other metal-ion batteries, halogen ion batteries, and metal-gas batteries, this book will appeal to readers in the various fields of chemistry, material science and engineering.

This textbook explains the physics of phase transformation and associated constraints from a metallurgical or materials science point of view, based on many topics including crystallography, mass transport by diffusion, thermodynamics, heat transfer and related temperature gradients, thermal deformation, and even fracture mechanics. The work presented emphasizes solidification and related analytical models based on heat transfer. This corresponds with the most fundamental physical event of continuous evolution of latent heat of fusion for directional or non-directional liquid-to-solid phase transformation at a specific interface with a certain geometrical shape, such as planar or curved front. Dr. Perez introduces mathematical and engineering approximation schemes for describing the phase transformation, mainly during solidification of pure metals and alloys. Giving clear definitions and explanations of theoretical concepts and full detail of derivation of formulae, this interdisciplinary volume is ideal for graduate and upper-level undergraduate students in applied science, and professionals in the metal making and surface reconstruction industries.

The continued greening of the energy sector, with inroads being made through numerous sources of materials that can produce energy, is the main focus of this, Green Chemical Processing, Volume 8. It includes contributions from area experts in widely different fields, all involved in energy production, and makes connections to the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry.

Presents technologies and key concepts to produce suitable smart materials and intelligent structures for sensing, information and communication technology, biomedical applications (drug delivery, hyperthermia therapy), self-healing, flexible memories and construction technologies. Novel developments of environmental friendly, cost-effective and scalable production processes are discussed by experts in the field.

Acetylenic precursors are important reactants for creating carbon-based architectures via linkage reactions. While their capability of forming intermolecular bonds is well investigated in solution, very few systematic studies have been carried out to create alkyne-based nanostructures on metal substrates under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Synthesizing extended and regular carbon scaffolds requires a detailed knowledge of alkyne chemistry in order to control reaction pathways and limit unwanted side reactions. Using the bottom-up approach on metal surfaces, the authors establish protocols to fabricate regular architectures built up by the on-surface formation of selective organometallic and C-C bonds with thoughtfully designed alkyne-functionalized monomers. The structural and functional properties of the resulting organometallic and covalent nanostructures are characterized by means of scanning tunneling microscopy. The results open up new perspectives in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis and the on-surface synthesis of functional interfaces under mild reaction conditions.

This book puts forward a modern classification theory for superconducting gap nodes, whose structures can be observed by experiments and are essential for understanding unconventional superconductivity. In the first part of the book, the classification method, based on group theory and K theory, is introduced in a step-by-step, pedagogical way. In turn, the latter part presents comprehensive classification tables, which include various nontrivial gap (node) structures, which are not predicted by the Sigrist-Ueda method, but are by the new method. The results obtained here show that crystal symmetry and/or angular momentum impose critical constraints on the superconducting gap structures. Lastly, the book lists a range of candidate superconductors for the nontrivial gap nodes. The classification methods and tables presented here offer an essential basis for further investigations into unconventional superconductivity. They indicate that previous experimental studies should be reinterpreted, while future experiments should reflect the new excitation spectrum.

This book presents a generalised computational model for the degradation of resorbable composites, using analytic expressions to represent the interwoven phenomena present during degradation. It then combines this modelling framework with a comprehensive database of quantitative degradation data mined from existing literature and from novel experiments, to provide new insights into the interrelated factors controlling degradation. Resorbable composites made of biodegradable polyesters and calcium-based ceramics have significant therapeutic potential as tissue engineering scaffolds, as temporary implants and as drug-loaded matrices for controlled release. However, their degradation is complex and the rate of resorption depends on multiple connected factors such as the shape and size of the device, polymer chemistry and molecular weight, particle phase, size, volume fraction, distribution and pH-dependent dissolution properties. Understanding and ultimately predicting the degradation of resorbable composites is of central importance if we are to fully unlock the promise of these materials.

This book provides a detailed explanation of the cold spray process from a practical standpoint. Drawing on the authors' 36 years of research and development experience, it is firmly rooted in theory but also substantiated by empirical data and practical knowledge, offering potential users the information they need to recognize the advantages, as well as the limitations, of cold spray. This sets it apart from previous works on the subject, which have been purely academic. Cold spray technology has made great dramatic strides over the last 10 years and is now being used extensively in the aerospace, electronics, automotive, medical, and even the petrochemical industries. Most recently, cold spray of near-net shaped parts was accomplished - something previously assumed to be impossible because of the limitations of commercially available cold spray systems and a lack of fundamental understanding regarding the process. The cost of cold spray has also declined, making it appealing to industry through the introduction of new powders, surface preparation techniques, and recovery systems tailored to the cold spray process. Though primarily intended for users of the technology, this handbook is also a valuable resource for researchers interested in advances in cold spray materials, improved feedstock powders, advanced hardware and software development, surface preparation techniques, and the numerous applications developed to date. For example, cold spray aluminum alloys have been developed that offer the strength and ductility of wrought material in the as-sprayed condition. This has yet to be achieved by conventional powder consolidation methods including laser sintering, electron beam, and ultrasonic techniques. Other topics covered include additive manufacturing, structural repair, nondestructive evaluation, advanced cold spray materials, qualification requirements, cold spray systems comparison, and, finally, helium recovery. Thanks to its practical focus, the book provides readers with everything they need to understand, evaluate, and implement cold spray technology.

Advancing the experimental study of superfluids relies on increasingly sophisticated techniques. We develop and demonstrate the loading of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) into nearly arbitrary trapping potentials, with a resolution improved by a factor of seven when compared to reported systems. These advanced control techniques have since been adopted by several cold atoms labs around the world. How this BEC system was used to study 2D superfluid dynamics is described. In particular, negative temperature vortex states in a two-dimensional quantum fluid were observed. These states were first predicted by Lars Onsager 70 years ago and have significance to 2D turbulence in quantum and classical fluids, long-range interacting systems, and defect dynamics in high-energy physics. These experiments have established dilute-gas BECs as the prototypical system for the experimental study of point vortices and their nonequilibrium dynamics. We also developed a new approach to superfluid circuitry based on classical acoustic circuits, demonstrating its conceptual and quantitative superiority over previous lumped-element models. This has established foundational principles of superfluid circuitry that will impact the design of future transport experiments and new generation quantum devices, such as atomtronics circuits and superfluid sensors.

This book describes rubber nanocomposites and their applications in the automobile sector. Newly developed nanofibres and nanofinished textiles, with their novel characteristics and various applications in next-generation automobiles, are also discussed. Lastly, a comprehensive evaluation and overview of the impact of nanotechnology on the textiles in automobile industries are presented.

The field of nanoscience continues to grow at an impressive rate and, with such a vast landscape of material, careful distillation of the most important discoveries will help researchers find the key information they require. Nanoscience Volume 5 provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the most recent research and opinion from across the globe. Coverage includes diverse topics such as controlling chemistry of gold nanoparticles to dictate their cellular interactions, uptake and toxicity, use of metal complexes to prepare 2-D materials and nanoscale porphyrin superstructures. Anyone practising in any nano-allied field, or wishing to enter the nano-world will benefit from this resource, presenting the current thought and applications of nanoscience.

This book comprises select and peer-reviewed proceedings of the International Conference on Recent Trends in Construction Materials and Structures (ICON 2019). The contents cover various latest developments and emerging technologies in sustainable construction materials, utilization of waste materials in concrete, special concrete, maintenance of heritage structures, earthquake engineering, and structural dynamics. The book also provides effective and feasible solutions to current problems in sustainable construction materials and structures. This book is useful for students, researchers, and industry professionals interested in concrete technology and structures.

This book advances understanding of light-induced phase transitions and nonequilibrium orders that occur in a broken-symmetry system. Upon excitation with an intense laser pulse, materials can undergo a nonthermal transition through pathways different from those in equilibrium. The mechanism underlying these photoinduced phase transitions has long been researched, but many details in this ultrafast, non-adiabatic regime still remain to be clarified. The work in this book reveals new insights into this phenomena via investigation of photoinduced melting and recovery of charge density waves (CDWs). Using several time-resolved diffraction and spectroscopic techniques, the author shows that the light-induced melting of a CDW is characterized by dynamical slowing-down, while the restoration of the symmetry-breaking order features two distinct timescales: A fast recovery of the CDW amplitude is followed by a slower re-establishment of phase coherence, the latter of which is dictated by the presence of topological defects in the CDW. Furthermore, after the suppression of the original CDW by photoexcitation, a different, competing CDW transiently emerges, illustrating how a hidden order in equilibrium can be unleashed by a laser pulse. These insights into CDW systems may be carried over to other broken-symmetry states, such as superconductivity and magnetic ordering, bringing us one step closer towards manipulating phases of matter using a laser pulse.

This textbook provides a sound foundation in physical optics by covering key concepts in a rigorous but accessible manner. Propagation of electromagnetic waves is examined from multiple perspectives, with explanation of which viewpoints and methods are best suited to different situations. After an introduction to the theory of electromagnetism, reflection, refraction, and dispersion, topics such as geometrical optics, interference, diffraction, coherence, laser beams, polarization, crystallography, and anisotropy are closely examined. Optical elements, including lenses, mirrors, prisms, classical and Fabry-Perot interferometers, resonant cavities, multilayer dielectric structures, interference and spatial filters, diffraction gratings, polarizers, and birefringent plates, are treated in depth. The coverage also encompasses such seldom-covered topics as modeling of general astigmatism via 4x4 matrices, FFT-based numerical methods, and bianisotropy, with a relativistic treatment of optical activity and the Faraday and Fresnel-Fizeau effects. Finally, the history of optics is discussed.

This book covers newly emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials which have been recently used for the purpose of water purification. It focuses on the synthesis methods of 2D materials and answers how scientists/engineers/nanotechnologist/environmentalists could use these materials for fabricating new separation membranes and most probably making commercially feasible technology. The chapters are written by a collection of international experts ensuring a broad view of each topic. The book will be of interest to experienced researchers as well as young scientists looking for an introduction into 2D materials-based cross-disciplinary research.

This textbook describes the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures according to the latest advances both in the field of materials, concrete and steel, and in the field of structural analysis. These advances have been included in current version of Eurocode 2, which is taken as reference. All subjects are presented starting from their theoretical bases and passing to corresponding EC2 formulations. A large part of the book is concerned with the most innovative EC2 parts, like nonlinear structural analyses, second-order effects, punching and strut-and-tie models. The textbook is equipped with numerous worked examples, useful for the reader who is not familiar with the design of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures by the Limit State Method. Examples have been chosen among the most frequent cases of the professional practice. Thanks to this structure, it can be of interest both to structural designers for their professional training and to students of engineering and architecture schools for their studies. The volume contains twelve chapters, which follow the same structure of EC2, except for chapter 6 (dealing with prestressed concrete structures), which does not match any chapter of EC2, as prestressed concrete is considered in EC2 as a particular case of reinforced concrete, and corresponding formulations are shed over different chapters.

Volume20 of the "Handbook of Magnetic Materials," as the preceding volumes, has a dual purpose. As a textbook it is intended to help those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetism without the need to read the vast amount of literature published. As a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism research. To this dual purpose, Volume20 is composed of topical review articles written by leading authorities. In each of these articles an extensive description is given in graphical as well as in tabular form, much emphasis being placed on the discussion of the experimental material in the framework of physics, chemistry and material science. It provides readers with novel trends and achievements in magnetism.
Composed of topical review articles written by leading authoritiesIntended to be of assistance to those who wish to be introduced to a given topic in the field of magnetismAs a work of reference it is intended for scientists active in magnetism researchProvide the readership with novel trends and achievements in magnetism "

Ceramics are a versatile material, more so than is widely known. They are thermal resistant, poor electrical conductors, insulators against nuclear radiation, and not easily damaged, making ceramics a key component in many industrial processes. MAX Phases and Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics for Extreme Environments investigates a new class of ultra-durable ceramic materials, which exhibit characteristics of both ceramics and metals. Readers will explore recent advances in the manufacturing of ceramic materials that improve their durability and other physical properties, enhancing their overall usability and cost-effectiveness. This book will be of primary use to researchers, academics, and practitioners in chemical, mechanical, and electrical engineering. This book is part of the Research Essentials collection.

This book not only introduces the chemistry and physicochemical properties of phthalonitrile resins, but also describes strategies for crosslinking and structural modification. The authors explore blends and composites of phthalonitriles with other high-performance polymers and give an outlook on the future of the field.