This book introduces readers to key concepts and issues in the evolving field of special education. Arguably, over the past thirty years, no other area of education has been as radically transformed as the provision of services to children with disabilities. Since the mid 1970s, special education has steadily grown to reach fully 12% of the U.S. student population in grades K-12, and millions of children from birth to age five. Despite its promise of equal access, special education has become a controversial field in many respects. Critics point to its high cost, questionable pedagogical effectiveness, and differential outcomes across localities, family income levels, and ethnicities. The more typical approach in the literature highlights the legal and procedural mandates that dominate the discourse on educating the disabled student, but fails to explore the underlying assumptions and inconsistencies that make this area of education a controversial and still unsettled enterprise. This handbook departs from the traditional books in this field by focusing on the ways that special education policies and practices are enacted, rather than highlighting only their intended outcomes. Contributors to this text focus on defining commonly used terms and professional jargon in order to give interested readers access and insight into the field of special education and its associated practices. Some of the subjects included in this volume are the history of special education, disability and society, law and special education, pedagogy, policies and practices, and research in special education.

Looks at six main bias barriers women face at work and how leaders, allies, and women can overcome them. Gender bias is a powerful but hidden force that holds women back, keeping them from achieving their full potential and limiting organizations from achieving the creativity, problem solving, and growth that are possible with a gender diverse workforce. But you can’t fix what you can’t see—and you can’t solve a complex problem unless you truly understand and properly define its component parts. In this revealing new book, Amy Diehl, Ph.D. and Leanne Dzubinski, Ph.D. shine a new light on the barriers that form the structure of gender bias in the workplace. Through their original research, they have discovered six core factors, and even more subfactors (some of which they have given name to for the first time in the gender bias literature). They describe each of the six overarching barriers women face; illustrate each with real-world examples and stories shared by women in their study; and explain the consequences of that specific barrier. To better understand all that causes gender bias, Drs. Diehl and Dzubinski created a survey instrument, the Gender Bias Scale for Women Leaders, comprised of scale questions derived from the authors’ previous research. Using factor analysis, they discovered underlying themes behind workplace barriers, revealing the six primary barriers. Next, they conducted qualitative content analysis of women’s stories from public sources to confirm their six-barrier model and identify the many subcomponents of each. Their findings and analysis present a new, important, and richly detailed blueprint of gender bias. Based on their research findings, Drs. Diehl and Dzubinski document, describe, and explain: • How male privilege results in a workplace built by men and for men • How women encounter disproportionate constraints in that workplace, expected to play supportive roles to men. • The surprising ways in which women have experienced insufficient support, based solely on gender. • The concept of devaluation, and its consequences for both the target and the organization. • How women face overt hostility at work merely by virtue of their gender. • How the above barriers lead to acquiescence, which occurs when women internalize the obstacles and adapt to the limitations.

Daughters of Mother Earth is nothing less than a new way of looking at history--or more correctly, the reestablishment of a very old way. It holds that for too long, elements unnatural to Native American ways of knowing have been imposed on the study of Native America. Euro-American discourse styles, emphasizing elite male privilege and conceptual linearity, have drowned out the democratic and woman-centered Native approaches. Even when the damage of western linearity is understood to occur, analysis of Native American history, society, and culture has still been relentlessly placed in male custody, following the western assumption that Euro-American men speak ably for all. This book seeks to redress that balance, allowing, as editor Barbara Alice Mann writes, "the Daughters of Mother Earth to reclaim their ancient responsibility to speak in council, to tell the truth, to guide the rising generations through spirit-spoken wisdom." The recovery of women's traditions is an important theme in this collection of essays that helps reframe Native issues as properly gendered. Thus, Paula Gunn Allen looks at Indian lifeways through the many stitches of Indian clothes and the many steps of their powwow fancy-dances. Lee Maracle calls for reconstitution of traditional social structures, based on Native American ways of knowing. Kay McGowan identifies the exact sites where woman-power was weakened historically through the heavy impositions of European culture, the better to repair them. Finally, Barbara Mann examines how communication between Natives east and west of the Mississippi came to be so deranged as to be dysfunctional, and outlines how to reestablish good east-west relations for thebenefit of all.

In this thorough research guide to the career and music of Bill Dixon the author has documented how Dixon refined a sonically unique pan-tonal language of trumpet playing. As a trumpeter, composer, educator, and theoretician, Bill Dixon has politically and musically influenced many phases of the development of Black music in the second half of the 20th century. This authoritative guide details information about the life and music of Bill Dixon. Bill Dixon comments throughout the text on the familiar and unfamiliar aspects of his career as it unfolds between performances and recordings. The recollections of those who have collaborated with Bill Dixon over the years supplement the thorough research here presented on the life and career of Bill Dixon and, additionally, the New York avant garde artistic sphere in which he worked. Bill Dixon has refined a sonically unique pan-tonal language of trumpet playing. As a trumpeter, composer, educator, and theoretician, Bill Dixon has politically and musically influenced many phases of the development of Black music in the second half of the 20th century. This authoritative guide details information about the life and music of Bill Dixon. Bill Dixon comments throughout the text on the familiar and unfamiliar aspects of his career as it unfolds between performances and recordings. The recollections of those who have collaborated with Bill Dixon over the years supplement the thorough research here presented on the life and career of Bill Dixon and subsequently, on the New York avant garde artistic sphere in which he worked. Music and music history scholars, especially those interested in jazz and Black music, will be attracted to the wealth of information provided, often from primary sources, on Bill Dixon and Black music through the 50s, 60s, and 70s. The discography included encompasses issued and non-issued recordings as well as listings for every known Bill Dixon performance. Collaborations with dancers, directors, filmmakers and painters, among others, are also documented.

Looks can be deceiving, and in a society where one's status and access to opportunity are largely attendant on physical appearance, the issue of how difference is constructed and interpreted, embraced or effaced, is of tremendous import.

Lisa Walker examines this issue with a focus on the questions of what it means to look like a lesbian, and what it means to be a lesbian but not to look like one. She analyzes the historical production of the lesbian body as marked, and studies how lesbians have used the frequent analogy between racial difference and sexual orientation to craft, emphasize, or deny physical difference. In particular, she explores the implications of a predominantly visible model of sexual identity for the feminine lesbian, who is both marked and unmarked, desired and disavowed.

Walker's textual analysis cuts across a variety of genres, including modernist fiction such as "The Well of Loneliness "and "Wide Sargasso Sea, "pulp fiction of the Harlem Renaissance, the 1950s and the 1960s, post-modern literature as Michelle Cliff's "Abeng, "and queer theory.

In the book's final chapter, "How to Recognize a Lesbian," Walker argues that strategies of visibility are at times deconstructed, at times reinscribed within contemporary lesbian-feminist theory.

Although much has been written about the golden days of radio, Entrepreneurs of Profit and Pride is the first book to examine the black radio industry. This book traces the development of black radio programming which began when the concept of black appeal first occured to certain entrepreneurs, a concept that played a pivotal role in the rise of cultural pride and soul. Through the case studies of three representative black radio stations, Newman reveals the evolution of programming practices dictated not only by pride but by profits gained through successful marketing. A unique feature of this book is the inclusion of business considerations into a cultural analysis of the medium. The book begins with a discussion of how poor communications to black audiences in early network broadcasting led to the creation of black-appeal narrowcasting. The author probes the patterns of development in black programming and assesses the impact of that programming on soul consciousness. In addition, the book discusses individuals in the history of black radio, marketing to a minority audience, and the role of media in society as a seller of products and culture.

Beginning with the 1760s, when lynching and vigilantism came into existence in what is now the United States, this bibliography fills a void in the history of American collective violence. It covers over 4,200 works dealing with vigilante movements and lynchings, including books, articles, government documents, and unpublished theses and dissertations. Following a chapter listing general works, the book is arranged into four chronological chapters, a chapter on the frontier West, a chapter on anti-lynching, and chapters on literature and art.

The book opens with a chapter devoted to general works. It then includes chapters on the period from the Colonial era to the Civil War, the Civil War through 1881, and the periods from 1882 to 1916 and 1917 to 1996. The work then turns to the frontier West and to anti-lynching bills, laws, organizations, and leaders. Finally, the book includes chapters on vigilantism in literature and art.

This collection of theoretical and empirical research addresses the most recent advances in cooperative learning and its applications, implications, and effects on teachers and students at both the elementary and secondary levels. The central concern of the contributors is how a set of particular instruction methods affects people in classrooms and what this form of instruction contributes or fails to contribute to them. In their attempt to illuminate some of the major effects of cooperative learning methods, the contributors discuss a number of theoretical and practical issues not covered elsewhere, including the effects of cooperative learning on teachers, on high school science studies, on student motivation, and on the acquisition of group process and learning skills. Educational psychologists and researchers as well as teachers in training will find Cooperative Learning an illuminating source of information about a model of teaching that, the contributors argue, produces a wide range of positive effects on both the teacher and student populations.

Taken together, these chapters demonstrate a wider applicability and more socially and psychologically important impacts of cooperative learning than have been documented before. Among the topics addressed are cooperative learning and achievement, treating status problems in the cooperative classroom, cooperative learning models, teachers' verbal behavior in cooperative and whole-class instruction, and the effects of cooperative learning on ethnic relations. The contributors are united in their belief that cooperative learning promises to provide a viable alternative to the predominantly verbal-presentation type of teaching that is still the norm in most Western classrooms. The research reported here will help establish a central role for cooperative learning methods in the training and practice of classroom instruction as we enter the 1990s.

This examination of our nation's sex crime laws and the social attitudes behind them argues that many citizens are being pursued as sex offenders for nonviolent and oftentimes consensual sexual behaviors. Cutting through the hysteria and hype, Reconsidering Sex Crimes and Offenders: Prosecution or Persecution? argues that while convicted violent sex offenders certainly should be punished, many laws targeting minor sexual offenses are outdated, overly severe, and too concerned with satisfying public outrage driven by distortions, misconceptions, and sensationalistic media coverage. Reconsidering Sex Crimes and Offenders is sure to challenge readers' understanding of who a sex offender is, how they should be treated, and how best to protect the community from such offenders. The book looks at how the legal definitions of certain offenses have changed over time and then explores a series of real-life case studies. Readers will discover how some citizens have been targeted and punished for consensual acts—including homosexuality, polygamy, and pornography. Additional coverage considers a number of highly controversial laws—from residency restrictions to the death penalty—and the media's role in fueling public support for them.

This rich cultural history of African Americans outlines their travails, triumphs, and achievements in negotiating individual and collective identities to overcome racism, slavery, and the legacies of these injustices from colonial times to the present. One of every five Americans at the nation's beginning was an African American—a fact that underscores their importance in U.S. growth and development. This fascinating study moves from Africans' early contacts with the Americas to African Americans' 21st-century presence, exploring their role in building the American nation and in constructing their own identities, communities, and cultures. Historian and lawyer Thomas J. Davis's multi-themed narrative of compelling content provides a historical overview of the rise of African Americans from slavery and segregation in their anti-racist quest to enjoy equal rights and opportunities to reach the American Dream of pursuing happiness. The work features portraits of individuals and treats images of African Americans in their roles as performers, producers, consumers, and creators, and as the face of social problems such as crime, education, and poverty.

The 1980s were unique in both American history and the history of American cinema. It was a time when a United States president--a former B-movie actor and Cold War industry activist--served as a catalyst for the coalescence of trends in Hollywood's political structure, mode of production, and film content. Ronald Reagan championed a success ethos that recognized economic and moral self-governance as the basis of a democratic society. His agenda of tax reform and industry deregulation simultaneously promoted the absorption of Hollywood's major studios into tightly diversified media conglomerates, and concentrations of ownership promoted the production and release of movies with maximum revenue potential. Indeed, the most commercially successful movies of the decade put forth the ideologies of WASP America, nuclear family self-sufficiency, and conspicuous consumption.

Three genres in particular--the biracial buddy movie, the MTV music-video movie, and the yuppie movie--provide case studies of how Reagan-era cinema addressed issues of race, gender, and class in ways very much in tune with Reaganomics and the President's cultural policies. Author Chris Jordan provides a complete overview of both the influence of Reagan's presidency on the film industry and on the films themselves. Exploring 80s genres and movies with both a sociocultural and aesthetic eye, this book will be invaluable to historians, cinema scholars, and film buffs.

Food in the Caribbean reflects both the best and worst of the Caribbean's history. On the positive side, Caribbean culture has been compared with a popular stew there called Callaloo. The stew analogy comes from the many different ethic groups peacefully maintaining their traditions and customs while blending together, creating a distinct new flavor. On the negative side, many foods and cooking techniques derive from a history of violent European conquest, the importation of slaves from Africa, and the indentured servitude of immigrants in the plantation system. Within this context, students and other readers will understand the diverse island societies and ethnicities through their food cultures. Some highlights include the discussion of the Caribbean concept of "making do"--using whatever is on hand or can be found--the unique fruits and starches, the one-pot meal, the technique of jerking meat, and the preference for cooking outdoors. The Caribbean is known as the cradle of the Americas. The Columbian food exchange, which brought products from the Caribbean and the Americas to the rest of the world, transformed global food culture. Caribbean food culture has wider resonance to North, Central, and South America as well. The parallels in the food-related evolution in the Americas include the early indigenous foods and agriculture; the import and export of foods; the imported food culture of colonizers, settlers, and immigrants; the intricacies of defining an independent national food culture; the loss of the traditional agricultural system; the trade issues sparked by globalization; and the health crises prompted by the growing fast-food industry. This thorough overview of island foodculture is an essential component in understanding the Caribbean past and present.

Based on personal interviews with military spouses, as well as current articles and statistics and studies from the Department of Defense and Rand National Defense Research Institute, this book provides an objective look at America's military family in the 21st century, and explains how the military is attempting to improve family life. Following the Flag discusses both the problems and perks of today's armed forces families. It particularly looks at the military family since America has become involved in "peace-keeping missions" in Africa and combat in Afghanistan and Iraq. Studies on family stress connected with deployment (depression, divorce, domestic violence) are presented. A special focus is the families of the National Guard and Reserves who are often unprepared, emotionally and financially, for family members to be called to duty. In addition, the book provides current information on nontraditional military families. These include female military personnel married to civilian males, who many times must place their careers second and follow their wives to new assignments, and families where both spouses are military personnel who can be deployed at any time. Many changes have occurred in the American armed forces over the past three decades. An all-volunteer military came into being after the end of conscription in 1973; women have joined the force in ever increasing numbers; service personnel today are again involved in combat situations around the world; reserve and guard units have been called to active duty. With these developments, the role of military families has changed as well. This book explains what the those changes have been, and what they have meant to thefamilies involved.

Bibliotherapy is a new and creative approach for helping children deal with both small problems and major life crises, such as placement in substitute care. Bibliotherapy literally means treatment through books. It is a process of intervention that involves the child as well as the helping person. Bibliotherapy is an approach that helps children through reading to more clearly understand the problems facing them and to develop solutions for solving problems. Bibliotherapy is particularly useful for children placed in foster care or adoption because it can be implemented by all helping persons working with the child welfare system. These persons include foster and adoptive parents, biological parents, teachers, psychologists, social workers, clergy, and librarians.

According to Ruth Stein, an updated and clinically-relevant affect theory is conspicuously absent in the field of psychoanalysis. This book represents the first attempt to collate and clarify theories on affect as they relate to the clinical process. Stein outlines and analyzes the most important affect theories and empirical work presented in the last one hundred years. She exposes the rigidity of some automatically held notions about affects and draws on the newer ideas in the field to paint a large-scale picture of contemporary thought on the subject.

Stein traces and discusses Freud's affect theories, and the insights to clinical practice offered by his immediate successors. She also discusses ego psychology, the implicit affect theories of Melanie Klein and Wilfred Bion, and the thought of three contemporary contributors: Joseph Sandler, Otto Kernberg, and Andre Green. She also examines recent theories of emotion in experimental psychology. Stein concludes that certain characteristics of affect necessitate a meta-clinical (meta-psychological) theory in psychoanalysis, in contrast to some opposing claims. Uncovering some prevalent misconceptions about affect, Stein points to future directions for making affect theory relevant to clinical knowledge and practice. This work is an important resource for researchers and practitioners in psychoanalysis, personality theory, emotions and motivation, and philosophy of psychology.

An expert in securing grant money provides a clear, step-by-step course in grant writing that readers can "attend" from the comfort of their home or office—and proceed with at their own pace. Many organizations that desperately need financial support miss opportunities for funding for two reasons: They don't have the knowledge or resources to successfully pursue and win a grant or they are ignorant of the range of possibilities in private, federal, or state-sourced funds available to them. With the emergence of economic stimulus money intended to assist nonprofits and government agencies suffering in the poor economic conditions, grant-writing is now a more relevant skill than ever before. This text can provide a multitude of benefits, including training existing staff with no prior experience to successfully pursue grant money, saving the cost of hiring a full-time grant writer, and serving as a complete guide for experienced grant writers seeking new options and techniques in obtaining operational funding. Getting Your Share of the Pie: The Complete Guide to Finding Grants also reveals the author's in-depth knowledge about the specific attributes the funding agencies look for via a digest of actual conversations with their representatives.

Anson Shupe is a sociologist who has studied extensively the problem of clergy (priests, ministers, rabbis, gurus) who take advantage sexually or financially of members of their churches and groups-from televangelists like Jim Bakker or Robert Tilton to the infamous Father James Porter who sexually molested at least 200 children. Shupe's focus is not on the psychological motives of these miscreants, but rather on the reaction to their actions by the perpetrators themselves, by the organizations, and by the victims.

Anson Shupe is a sociologist who has studied extensively the problem of clergy (priests, ministers, rabbis, gurus) who take advantage sexually or financially of members of their churches and groups-from televangelists like Jim Bakker or Robert Tilton to the infamous Father James Porter who sexually molested at least 200 children. Shupe's focus is not on the psychological motives of these miscreants, but rather on the reaction to their actions by the perpetrators themselves, by the organizations, and by the victims.

This book will give you the tools to take the reins and steer your brain towards your goals. Informed by neuroscience and psychology, Braintenance aims to explain the inner workings of your brain to enable you to get your master controller onside when striving for new milestones. Our brains are prediction machines, constantly interpreting our environment to make sense of the world around us, but sometimes they make false assumptions. Braintenance will help you understand how this happens and explains the clear, practical steps we can take to correct it. From developing positive habits and losing bad ones, to setting and achieving your goals, the book will enable you to transform your life for the better. The more you understand about your thinking, the more control you can have over your life. Change is good, your brain just needs some convincing.

.Women in sociology have shaped and changed the development of their field. This volume documents the major outlines of their work and profound impact from 1840 to 1990. The expertise and influence of these women are of such magnitude that it should have been impossible to forget or neglect them in the discipline of sociology--yet far too often their connections to sociology and to sociological labor have been buried. This unique reference book on female sociologists can answer a number of questions about them: Who were, or are, the female founders in sociology? Where were they born and when? What were their most important writings? What were their major accomplishments? How have they been honored? What are their connections to the discipline of sociology?

These founding sisters worked in all specialities: e.g., aging, conflict resolution, criminology, demography, marriage and the family, race relations, research methods, social psychology, theory, and women. These women transcended narrow definitions of sociological thought and practice. Thus, scholars in disciplines other than sociology, including American studies, criminology, economics, history, literature, political science, law, psychology, social psychology, social work, women's studies, and urban studies, will find this volume of significant interest.

During World War II, women correspondents wanted to be a part of the dramatic and exhilarating scene of wartime conflict as much as their male colleagues. They reported from the war scene because that was where the big story was. This study is an important part of the growing literature which deals with women in journalism. The women who were interviewed were asked about their experiences, including conditions under which they reported, the types of stories they wrote, and their accomplishments as journalists. Those studied were largely newspaper or wire service reporters who were at the front. A few others who wrote for magazines are included because of particularly interesting experiences or personalities. The obstacles that women correspondents faced are recounted here. For example, they found it difficult to get passports from the State Department and accreditation from the War Department. They faced antagonism from certain generals and sometimes bias and fear of competition from their male colleagues. On the other hand, many women discuss the help and support they received from men at the front. Women War Correspondents of World War II is an in-depth analysis of the life of the woman correspondent. The problems of censorship, a war fought on different fronts, and the dangers of then-modern warfare are recounted. Many women entered the field through newspaper jobs vacated by men who left for the front; they then worked their way into becoming war correspondents. For the most part they did not expect preferential treatment and avoided exceptional notice. According to their own accounts, they encountered problems unique to their sex, but were adept at handling the problems and were professional in their work.

Synchronistic events can be explained fully in naturalistic terms. They comprise an instance of the uncanny as they return the individual subjectively to a period when the world, as the good parent, was sympathetically attuned to the individual's wishes and requirements. Jung invoked the spiritual, or the supernatural, or the paranormal to explain synchronicity rather than exploring the early stages of human existence.

Faber offers a critique of Jung's theory of synchronicity that develops an alternative to demystify synchronistic happenings by explaining them in purely naturalistic terms. The book's larger purpose is to demystify Jung's archetypal psychology and to explain the whole Jungian approach to human behavior in naturalistic terms. Because Jung's psychology is ultimately religious in nature, the book touches generally upon the implications of religion and religious conduct. The book offers the reader an opportunity to ponder the psychological nature of synchronicity either as a spiritual occurrence with paranormal overtones or as a return of the repressed, a mnemonic trace of events that actually transpired in the life of the individual.

The concept of entrepreneurial intensity captures how entrepreneurship fluctuates by degree and frequency, and how it applies to personal well-being, organizational performance, and the quality of societal life. Morris develops his ideas by challenging the 13 leading myths about entrepreneurship while integrating many diverse perspectives on them. Readers will find in the EI concept a new way of examining and understanding the entrepreneurial process and strategies for fostering entrepreneuriship. Rigorously grounded in research, this book is an important resource for the academic community and for business professionals.

Entrepreneurship is a subject that has come into vogue rapidly. Governments are trying to foster it, individuals are practicing it in unprecedented numbers, and large organizations are desperately trying to return to their own entrepreneurial roots. Colleges and universities, in response, are now teaching courses on entrepreneurship, and are establishing programs devoted to it. Morris explores this new interest in entrepreneurship, why it matters, and how it can be encouraged. Many controversies and unresolved issues abound such as the basic questions: how should entrepreneurship be defined? and what will its role be in the future?. Morris examines the issues in-depth and gives readers a comprehensive summary of what entrepreneurship means for today's business organizations, their people, and society.

Originally serialized in 1915 in "The Forerunner," and never before published in book form, "The Dress of Women" presents Gilman's feminist sociological analysis of clothing in modern society. Gilman explores the social and functional basis for clothing, excavates the symbolic role of women's clothing in patriarchal societies, and, among other things, explicates the aesthetic and economic principles of socially responsible clothing design. The introduction, by Hill and Deegan, situates "The Dress of Women" within Gilman's intellectual work as a sociologist, and relates her sociological ideas to the themes she developed in some of her other works.

Although written in 1915, Gilman's treatment of clothing and dress remains relevant. This pioneering effort adds substantially to Gilman's reputation as a sociological theorist and feminist. In addition, it represents one of the earliest full-length specifically sociological analyses of clothing and the fashion industry. Ultimately, the author concludes that harmful and degrading aspects of women's dress are amenable to reform if men and women will work together rationally to change the controlling institutional patterns of the society in which they live. This groundbreaking work will appeal to those interested in Gilman, feminist theory, sociological theory, social psychology, women's literature, and women's studies.