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Books > Social sciences > Sociology, social studies > Ethnic studies > Indigenous peoples
As American Indian tribes seek to overcome centuries of political
and social marginalization, they face daunting obstacles. The
successes of some tribal casinos have lured many outside observers
into thinking that gambling revenue alone can somehow mend the
devastation of culture, community, natural resources, and sacred
spaces. The reality is quite different. Most tribal officials
operate with meager resources and serve impoverished communities
with stark political disadvantages. Yet we find examples of Indian
tribes persuading states, localities, and the federal government to
pursue policy change that addresses important tribal concerns. How
is it that Indian tribes sometimes succeed against very dim
prospects?
In Power from Powerlessness, Laura Evans looks at the successful
policy interventions by a range of American Indian tribal
governments and explains how disadvantaged groups can exploit
niches in the institutional framework of American federalism to
obtain unlikely victories. Tribes have also been adept at building
productive relationships with governmental authorities at all
levels. Admittedly, many of the tribes' victories are small when
viewed on their own: reaching cooperative agreements on trash
collection with municipalities and successfully challenging other
localities for more control over fisheries and waterway management.
However, Evans shows that in combination, their victories are
impressive-particularly when considering that the poverty rate
among American Indians on reservations is 39 percent. Not simply a
book about American Indian politics, Power from Powerlessness
forces scholars of institutions and inequality to reconsider the
commonly held view that the less powerful are in fact powerless.
The first book to chart autonomy's conceptual growth in Native
American literature from the late eighteenth to the early
twenty-first century, A New Continent of Liberty examines, against
the backdrop of Euro-American literature, how Native American
authors have sought to reclaim and redefine distinctive versions of
an ideal of self-rule grounded in the natural world. Beginning with
the writings of Samson Occom, and extending through a range of
fiction and nonfiction works by William Apess, Sarah Winnemucca,
Zitkala-Sa, N. Scott Momaday, Gerald Vizenor, and Louise Erdrich,
Geoff Hamilton sketches a movement of gradual but resolute ascent:
from often desperate early efforts, pitted against the historical
realities of genocide and cultural annihilation, to preserve any
sense of self and community, toward expressions of a resurgent
autonomy that affirm new, iIndigenous models of eunomia, a fertile
blending of human and natural orders.
Presenting an innovative, interdisciplinary approach to colonial
America's best-known literary genre, Andrew Newman analyzes
depictions of reading, writing, and recollecting texts in Indian
captivity narratives. While histories of literacy and colonialism
have emphasized the experiences of Native Americans, as students in
missionary schools or as parties to treacherous treaties, captivity
narratives reveal what literacy meant to colonists among Indians.
Colonial captives treasured the written word in order to
distinguish themselves from their Native captors and to affiliate
with their distant cultural communities. Their narratives suggest
that Indians recognized this value, sometimes with benevolence:
repeatedly, they presented colonists with books. In this way and
others, Scriptures, saintly lives, and even Shakespeare were
introduced into diverse experiences of colonial captivity. What
other scholars have understood more simply as textual parallels,
Newman argues instead may reflect lived allegories; the
identification of one's own unfolding story with the stories of
others. In an authoritative, wide-ranging study that encompasses
the foundational New England narratives, accounts of martyrdom and
cultural conversion in New France and Mohawk country in the 1600s,
and narratives set in Cherokee territory and the Great Lakes region
during the late eighteenth century, Newman opens up old tales to
fresh, thought-provoking interpretations.
The faking of Native American art objects has proliferated as their
commercial value has increased, but even a century ago experts were
warning that the faking of objects ranging from catlinite pipes to
Chumash sculpture was rampant. Through a series of historical and
contemporary case studies, Janet Catherine Berlo engages with
troubling and sometimes confusing categories of inauthenticity.
Based on decades of research as well as interviews with curators,
collectors, restorers, replica makers, reenactors, and Native
artists and cultural specialists, Not Native American Art examines
the historical and social contexts within which people make
replicas and fakes or even invent new objects that then become
"traditional." Berlo follows the unexpected trajectories of such
objects, including Northwest Coast carvings, "Navajo" rugs made in
Mexico, Zuni mask replicas, Lakota-style quillwork, and Mimbres
bowl forgeries. With engaging anecdotes, the book offers a rich and
nuanced understanding of a surprisingly wide range of practices
that makers have used to produce objects that are "not Native
American art."
At one time there were almost as many different versions of the
Quechan creation story as there were Quechan families. Now few
people remember them. This volume, presented in the Quechan
language with facing-column translation, provides three views of
the origins of the Quechan people. One synthesizes narrator George
Bryant's childhood memories and later research. The second is based
upon J. P. Harrington's A Yuma Account of Origins (1908). The third
provides a modern view of the origins of the Quechan, beginning
with the migration from Asia to the New World and ending with the
settlement of the Yuman tribes at their present locations.
For decades, studies of oil-related conflicts have focused on the
effects of natural resource mismanagement, resulting in great
economic booms and busts or violence as rebels fight ruling
governments over their regions' hydrocarbon resources. In "Oil
Sparks in the Amazon," Patricia I. Vasquez writes that while oil
busts and civil wars are common, the tension over oil in the Amazon
has played out differently, in a way inextricable from the region
itself.
Oil disputes in the Amazon primarily involve local indigenous
populations. These groups' social and cultural identities differ
from the rest of the population, and the diverse disputes over
land, displacement, water contamination, jobs, and wealth
distribution reflect those differences. Vasquez spent fifteen years
traveling to the oilproducing regions of Latin America, conducting
hundreds of interviews with the stakeholders in local conflicts.
She analyzes fifty-five social and environmental clashes related to
oil and gas extraction in the Andean countries (Peru, Ecuador, and
Colombia). She also examines what triggers local hydrocarbons
disputes and offers policy recommendations to resolve or prevent
them.
Vasquez argues that each case should be analyzed with attention to
its specific sociopolitical and economic context. She shows how the
key to preventing disputes that lead to local conflicts is to
address structural flaws (such as poor governance and inadequate
legal systems) and nonstructural flaws (such as stakeholders'
attitudes and behavior) at the outset. Doing this will require more
than strong political commitments to ensure the equitable
distribution of oil and gas revenues. It will require attention to
the local values and culture as well.
International Advances in Education: Global Initiatives for Equity
and Social Justice is an international research monograph of
scholarly works that are seeking to advance knowledge and
understanding of a diverse range of Indigenous or First Peoples
across the globe. With the overarching emphasis being towards
education, this collection of works outlines the unique history,
policy, and lived experiences of Indigenous peoples within
education systems around the world. The volume itself is split into
three sections that offer: (i) an overview of the past and current
educational conditions of Indigenous peoples; (ii) policy and
practice aimed at enhancing cultural inclusiveness and resisting
deculturalization, and (iii) finally the identification of
pedagogical factors that may be important for the educational
progress of a diversity of Indigenous students. Overall, this
volume will act as a valuable source for those seeking to maintain
and restore Indigenous cultures and languages within the education
system, as well as identifying other methods and practices that may
increase the engagement and resilience of Indigenous students
within a variety of education settings. As a result, this
collection of works will be a valuable tool for educators,
researchers, policy makers, and school counselors who may be
seeking to further understand the experiences of Indigenous
students within the education system.
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