This is a comprehensive volume which engages with language policies and positions to highlight the issues surrounding language commodification and globalization.Throughout human history, languages have been in competition with each other. As the world becomes more globalized, this trend increases. It affects the decision-making of those in positions of power and determines macro language policies and planning. Often decisions about language (or dialects or language variety) are related to usefulness - defined in terms of their pragmatic and commercial currency or their value as symbols of socio-cultural identity. Languages can be modes of entry into coveted social hierarchies or strongholds of religious, historical, technological and political power bases. Languages are seen now as commodities that carry different values in an era of globalization.This volume engages with language policies and positions in relation to the roles and functions these languages adopt. It examines the 'value' of languages, defined in terms of the power they have in the global marketplace as much as within the complex matrices of the local socio-politics. These valuations strongly underpin the various motivations that influence policy-making decisions, and in turn, these motivations create the tensions that characterize many language-related issues; tensions that arise when languages become commodified.

Language is key to understanding culture, and culture is an essential part of studying language. This reader focuses on the interplay between Language and Intercultural Communication. Reflecting the international nature of the field, this reader covers a wide range of language and cultural contexts: Arabic, Chinese, English (British, American, Australian and South African), Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Samoan and Spanish. Divided into six parts, it covers: Culture, language and thought; Cultural approaches to discourse and pragmatics; Communication patterns across cultures; Teaching and learning cultural variations of language use; Interculturality and Intercultural Communication in professional contexts. With twenty two readings by eminent authorities in the field as well as cutting-edge materials representing current developments, the book explores the breadth and depth of the subject as well as providing an essential overview for both students and researchers. Each part begins with a clear and comprehensive introduction, and is enhanced by discussion questions, study activities and further reading sections. Alongside a comprehensive Resource List, detailing important reference books, journals, organisations and websites and an annotated Glossary of key terms, the final section offers advice on how to carry out research in Language and Intercultural Communication.

This book explores the nature and scope of modality in Japanese. It contains a review of the history of Japanese modality studies, as well as theoretical and empirical research and is the first collection of studies on Japanese modality written in English and offers a stimulating contrast to existing studies on Western languages.

The author presents a new approach to the study of language policy, by focusing on language policy formation and implementation as a dynamic, conflict-laden "process" involving the interaction of various actors with different motivations and uneven bargaining powers, rather than as a "product," examinable "post hoc" from existing language legislation.

This book presents a collection of thematically focused articles addressing culture-specific features of academic communication, with a particular focus on communication conducted in English as an Additional Language and directed at multicultural audiences. It comprises papers arranged in four sections: Expert writers, Novice writers and readers, Conference participants, and Non-research academic genres. The book explicitly addresses and is centred upon the concept of a research niche understood as a space to be captured and populated, as a temporary location to move or grow out of in the course of individual professional development from novice to expert, and as a space to consciously reach beyond, delimited by one's linguistic, cultural, educational, and geopolitical background. Here the niche is approached as a frame of reference for discussion of what is culture-bound, culture-sensitive, and culture-free in the academic community and its practices.

This book proposes, examines and unpacks the notion of unequal Englishes as a way to understand English today. Unlike many studies on the pluralization of English, the volume assumes that inequalities and Englishes are inextricably linked and must be understood and theorized together.

Sociophonetics: a student's guide provides a practical how-to' manual that will give students a clear understanding of the technical and theoretical advances in acoustic phonetics, speech perception, and recording technology which is essential for sociolinguistic research. Balancing theory, practical information and research protocol, this book: * Covers the key methodological, technical and procedural information needed to undertake sociophonetic research * Includes contributions from key academics and ground-breaking researchers * Incorporates exercises and projects in each chapter * Has a companion website that provides additional materials for students and professors, featuring exercises, links to on-line sources for specific tools and includes a large selection of audio and video clips. Sociophonetics is essential reading for graduate students and researchers with interests in sociophonetics, phonology and for those undertaking research projects in applied linguistics.

This volume covers the language situation in Hong Kong, Timor-Leste and Sri Lanka explaining the linguistic diversity, the historical and political contexts and the current language situation, including language-in-education planning, the role of the media, the role of religion and the roles of non-indigenous languages. Two of the authors are indigenous to the situations described while the other has undertaken extensive field work and consulting there. The three monographs contained in this volume draw together the literature on each of the polities to present an overview of the research available about each of them, while providing new research-based information. The purpose of the volume is to provide an up-to-date overview of the language situation in each polity based on a series of key questions in the hope that this might facilitate the development of a richer theory to guide language policy and planning in other polities where similar issues may arise. This book was published as special issues of Current Issues in Language Planning.

Intercultural communication is a daily occurrence for most people, as a result of transnational population flows and globalized media. The contributions to this volume propose reconceptualizations of orthodox accounts of intercultural communication based on supposed national cultural characteristics. They approach the subject from a variety of angles, including intercultural communication training, the role of power in intercultural negotiations, the linguistic situation in Europe, and the conflict between nationalist and transnational discourses in literature. The articles consider the need for a revision of the notions of culture and communication given multicultural and multilingual environments such as universities; the use of English as a lingua franca in Europe; how collaborative discourse can reshape power relations; the importance of social intelligence in intercultural communication; cultural and linguistic influences on conceptual metaphors and their translation; and the way Irish and Galician women poets negotiate competing ideologies such as nationalism, feminism, Celticism and Catholicism. This book was published as a special issue of the European Journal of English Studies.

Both a companion to Introducing Sociolinguistics, Miriam Meyerhoff's bestselling textbook, and a stand-alone Reader in sociolinguistics, this collection includes classic foundational readings and more recent innovative articles.

Intended to be highly user-friendly, The Routledge Sociolinguistics Reader includes substantial section introductions, further reading, a reader's guide on how to use the book and an introductory chapter providing advice on how to undertake qualitative and quantitative research. This introduction is supplemented by exercises focussing on data handling and collection.

The Reader is divided into six sections and each section is thematically organised. Each reading is accessible to beginning students of sociolinguistics but the entire selection is assembled to also help advanced students focus on themes, principles and concepts that cut across different researchers' work. Beginning and advanced students are supported by Content Questions to assist understanding of essential features in the readings, and Concept Questions which help advanced students make connections across readings, apply theory to data, and critically engage with the readings. A companion website supports and connects the Reader and textbook with structured exercises, links to associated websites and video examples, plus an online glossary.

The Routledge Sociolinguistics Reader is essential reading for students on courses in sociolinguistics, language and society, and language and variation.

Authors: Allan Bell ? Jennifer Hay ? Stefanie Jannedy ? Norma Mendoza-Denton ? Qing Zhang ? John Laver ? Sachiko Ide ? Dennis R. Preston ? Thomas Purnell ? William Idsardi ? John Baugh ? Gibson Ferguson ? Isabelle Buchstaller ? Jinny K. Choi ? Don Kulick ? Christopher Stroud ? Jan-Peter Blom ? John J. Gumperz ? David Britain ? Monica Heller ? Ben Rampton ? Miriam Meyerhoff ? Nancy Niedzielski ? William Labov ? Rika Ito ? Sali Tagliamonte ? Gillian Sankoff ? H?l?ne Blondeau ? Peter Trudgill ? Richard Cameron ? Lesley Milroy ? James Milroy ? Paul Kerswill ? Ann Williams ? Terttu Nevalainen ? Penelope Eckert ? Janet Holmes ? Stephanie Schnurr ? Niloofar Haeri ? Elinor Ochs ? Scott Fabius Kiesling ? Rusty Barrett

Miriam Meyerhoff is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Auckland, New Zealand.

Erik Schleef is lecturer in the Department of Linguistics and English Language at the University of Manchester, UK.

Go to www.routledge.com/textbooks/meyerhoff for online resources supporting The Routledge Sociolinguistics Reader and Introducing Sociolinguistics (Meyerhoff 2011)

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS

This is a fascinating new study examining how contact-induced change can alter a previously monolingual society to create one that is increasingly bilingual.Anna Verschik offers a new perspective on how a previously monolingual community of Russian-speakers in Estonia is rapidly becoming bilingual after the end of the Soviet occupation in 1991.The contact-induced change in Russian under the growing impact of Estonian is analysed in the theoretical framework of code-copying. Changes in linguistic behaviour of the speakers are often a result of intentional cultivation of non-monolingual communication strategies and language policies, and go hand in hand with the development of a new identity, 'Estonian Russians'."Emerging Bilingual Speech" is a fascinating study that will be of interest to researchers studying language contact, language change and bilingualism.

The Contributions to the Sociology of Language series features publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It addresses the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches - theoretical and empirical - supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of scholars interested in language in society from a broad range of disciplines - anthropology, education, history, linguistics, political science, and sociology. To discuss your book idea or submit a proposal, please contact Natalie Fecher.

Understanding and Interaction in Clinical and Educational Settings examines the interplay of interaction, reasoning, setting, and culture that affects the production of understandings. Analyzing and comparing the activities, information resources and constraints that shape understandings in clinics and classrooms, the author explains the components of routine organizational activities that enhance or limit understanding. He shows how explanations intended to produce knowledge may also mobilize aspects of professional culture that limit its scope and use. Such explanatory strategies can produce interpretive contingencies that complicate understanding of medical information or scientific concepts. Understanding and Interaction in Clinical and Educational Settings explains how changes in the use of information resources can improve understandings by shifting the balance of participants' interpretive contingencies during explanatory interactions and changing professional culture.

Are there common specific patterns in the Tense-Mood-Aspect systems of creoles? Do creoles constitute a structural type of language? This in-depth synchronic description of the Tense-Mood-Aspect system of contemporary Hawai'i Creole English is a language-internal analysis based on extensive firsthand data, both written and spoken. The language variety has been used as a basis for major linguistic hypotheses - a strength of this book is the use of a language-independent typological framework, placing the system in a cross-linguistic perspective.

The book will provide an introduction into a highly developed, coherent, and extensively tested cognitive linguistic approach to lexical semantics, which is not currently accessible to readers of English. This will make the book important to researchers and students in lexical semantics, in Cognitive Linguistics and beyond. It will also strengthen the Cognitive Linguistics enterprise in general, by showing that the main tenets of this approach are not an incidental historical development in a particular corner of the world, but rather are arrived at by scholars working in hugely different contexts independently of each other. The book should therefore have an appeal to all researchers in Cognitive Linguistics. Furthermore, the book constitutes a contribution to the intellectual exchange between international academic discourses that mostly develop independently of each other - an exchange that has often provided major impetus for scientific development, as illustrated by the influence of the belated translations of works by Bakhtin, Lotman, Vygotsky, and Luria, among others.

Gila Schauer's study of interlanguage pragmatic development in English is situated in the context of studying abroad. It is the first book-length study of a common occurrence worldwide, but one that has not received the focus it deserves. Schauer examines the interlanguage pragmatic development of German learners of English at a British University over the course of a year. The focus is not only on the learners' productive pragmatic development, but also on their pragmatic awareness, which is compared with their grammatical awareness. The analysis undertaken is both qualitative and quantitative, and the book draws some important conclusions relevant to the whole field of interlanguage pragmatics. It will be engaging reading for researchers and for those doing postgraduate studies in applied linguistics, especially those working on interlanguage and cross-cultural pragmatics, multilingualism and second language acquisition.

This work is a reissue of the three volumes of the Linguistic Atlas of Scotland, first published in 1975, 1977 and 1985 respectively. The volumes offer a thorough and comprehensive dialectological study of Lowland Scotland, Orkney and Shetland, Northern Ireland, Northumberland and Cumberland, providing a wealth of word-geographical material and phonological findings assembled over more than 20 years, alongside a detailed cartographic analysis of Scottish dialects by the Linguistic Survey of Scotland.

Volumes 1 and 2 offer a comprehensive selection of word-geographical material, offering the Scots equivalent of a selection of English words, presented on a county by county basis.

Volume 1 also includes an introduction which covers:

• the concept of linguistic geography and historical development of linguistic reflection in Scotland in both the written and oral tradition
• the new approach in Scottish phonetics and dialectology which began in the second half of the nineteenth century
• the origins and approaches of the Linguistic Survey of Scotland
• the role of the questionnaire in the creation the Linguistic Atlas
• and a valuable and detailed introduction to the maps and lists of word-geographical material which make up these two volumes.

Maps within this collection show:

• the physical structure of the Scots and Gaelic-speaking areas covered
• The National grid and grid of Northern Ireland enabling the reader to locate each informant
• population density of each region

Volume 3 presents the phonological investigation of Scots dialect speech, providing the first large-scale presentation of a phonological survey along functional lines, that is, by means of a technique of contrasts and oppositions of the stressed vowels of the recorded speech-sounds.

This volume offers a close look at four cases of indigenous language revitalization: Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Saami in Scandinavia, Hnahno in Mexico and Quechua and other indigenous languages in Latin America. Starting from the premise than indigenous language revitalization is worth doing, the authors focus on HOW to do indigenous revitalization, and in particular, the role of schools in that endeavor. Essays by experts from each case are in turn discussed in international perspective by four counterpart experts.

This book contains an account of language and drama between 1945 and 2005, synthesizing linguistic and dramatic knowledge in order to illuminate the ways in which anxieties and attitudes toward language manifest themselves in discourses on and around English theatre of the period, and how these anxieties and attitudes reflect back through the theatre of this period.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF LANGUAGE brings to students, researchers and practitioners in all of the social and language-related sciences carefully selected book-length publications dealing with sociolinguistic theory, methods, findings and applications. It approaches the study of language in society in its broadest sense, as a truly international and interdisciplinary field in which various approaches, theoretical and empirical, supplement and complement each other. The series invites the attention of linguists, language teachers of all interests, sociologists, political scientists, anthropologists, historians etc. to the development of the sociology of language.

In A Multidisciplinary Approach to Service Encounters, Maria de la O Hernandez-Lopez and Lucia Fernandez-Amaya have joined marketing researchers and linguists to provide the tools to understand consumers' communication in different professional settings. Service encounters have been widely studied due to the fact that the communicative exchange between the customer and the server is essential for the success of the service encounter itself. In this volume, the role of language, linguistics and communication is examined in an area of research that has traditionally been related to business and marketing. This is achieved through the presentation of works from a variety of perspectives that may help to advance in this particular context and also contribute to improving communication in service encounters.

This book interrogates the role of quantification in stories on social media: how do visible numbers (e.g. of views, shares, likes) and invisible algorithmic measurements shape the stories we post and engage with? The links of quantification with stories have not been explored sufficiently in storytelling research or in social media studies, despite the fact that platforms have been integrating sophisticated metrics into developing facilities for sharing stories, with a massive appeal to ordinary users, influencers and businesses alike. With case-studies from Instagram, Reddit and Snapchat, the authors show how three types of metrics, namely content metrics, interface metrics and algorithmic metrics, affect the ways in which cancer patients share their experiences, the circulation of specific stories that mobilize counter-publics and the design of stories as facilities on platforms. The analyses document how numbers structure elements in stories, indicate and produce engagement and become resources for the tellers' self-presentation. This book will be of interest to students and scholars working in the fields of narrative and social media studies, including narratology, biography studies, digital storytelling, life-writing, narrative psychology, sociological approaches to narrative, discourse and sociolinguistic perspectives.

Chicano English in Context is the first modern, comprehensive study of Chicano English, a variety spoken by millions of Latinos in the U.S. It is also one of the first studies of ongoing sound change within an ethnic minority community. It briefly describes the phonology, syntax and semantics of this variety, and explores its crucial role in the construction of ethnic identity among young Latinos and Latinas. It also corrects misconceptions I how the general public views Chicano English.

Addressing both language teachers and identity researchers, this book underlines the importance of identity in ELT through an analysis of teacher stories told in interviews with the author. It illustrates a new multi-dimensional approach to exploring narrative identity in qualitative interviews through a linguistic analysis of anecdotes.

Organisations which act on behalf of society are expected to act fairly, explaining themselves and their procedures to people they encounter. For the police, explanation is routine and repetitive. It is also extremely powerful. "Rights Communication" provides an unusual opportunity to observe different speakers and writers explaining the same texts in their own words in British police stations. Data analyses cast explanation not as a skill but a technology, a rich resource for making meaning, representing identities and organising social participation.