In choosing to render dialect and vernacular speech into Scots, Bill Findlay, to whose memory this volume is dedicated, made a pioneering contribution in safeguarding the authenticity of voices in translation. The scene of the book is set by an overview of approaches to rendering foreign voices in English translation including those of the people to whom Findlay introduced us in his Scots dialect versions of European plays. Martin Bowman, his frequent co-translator follows with a discussion of their co-translation of playwright Jeanne-Mance Delisle. Different ways of bridging the cultural divide in the translation between English and a number of plays written in a number of European languages are then illustrated including the custom of creating English versions, an approach rejected by contributions that argue in favour of minimal intervention on the part of the translator. But transferring the social and cultural milieu that the speakers of other languages inhabit may also cause problems in translation, as discussed by some translators of fiction. In addition attention is drawn to the translators' own attitude and the influence of the time in which they live. In conclusion, stronger forces in the form of political events are highlighted that may also, adversely or positively, have a bearing on the translation process.

This text presents a new model of conversation based on time, in this case referring both to the rhythmic organization of conversation, the tempo, and to the "right time" or timing. These two notions of time correspond to two major systems governing conversation: the turn taking system and the rapport system. This model interweaves linguists' work on spoken discourse, sociologists' work on conversation analysis, and psychologists' work on non-verbal communication. This volume also explores the evolution of the interview as a genre which creates a particular context for conversation. Gatekeeping interviews in particular are explored because of their dual nature-to guide and monitor individuals in an institution or business. They are routine, but essential factors in determining the future of individuals within these organizations. Finally, the volume shows the importance of the listener in conversation. No previous theory of discourse or conversation incorporates the notion of rapport, yet speakers clearly depend on listeners' response as cues for shaping their utterances.

This sociolinguistic study offers a new theoretical framework for understanding the diffusion of language change within a community. Advanced statistical analysis methods are used in rigorously testing the supposed norm-enforcement effect of social networks. Revisions to the social network model are proposed, allowing the effects of various social factors operating simultaneously on the individual to be considered in evaluating the process of resistance to language change.

The contributors to this volume provide a critical examination of the notion of bilingualism as it has developed in linguistics and of its use in discourses of social regulation in state and civil society in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. They attempt to move the field away from a common sense, but in fact highly ideologized, view of bilingualism as the co-existence of two linguistic systems, and to develop a critical perspective which approaches bilingualism as a wide variety of sets of sociolinguistics practices connected to the construction of social difference and of social inequality under specific historical conditions.

In this Hebrew language learning setting, students' backgrounds and histories are diverse: some were born and raised in Canada, the United States, or South Africa and studied Hebrew at Jewish day schools; others were born in the former USSR, immigrated to Israel as children, and moved to Canada with their families as teenagers; others were children of Israeli emigrants who learned Hebrew at home. This ethnographic qualitative study examines two conflicting camps within the Hebrew class, defined by themselves and Othered by opposing sub-groups as ""Canadians"" and ""Israelis"". As the students and the author negotiate their strong ties to the language with Othering and exclusion by other sub-groups from the dominant speech community, the sentiment of the Israeli emigrant professor regarding her students hangs overhead: ""None of them are Israelis. None of them are native speakers of Hebrew."" Who does this language belong to? Which subgroup can declare authenticity as real, rightful owners of the language and its indelible culture and identity?As language programs worldwide deal with a diverse and heterogeneous student population who enter the classroom categorized as heritage, second, bilingual, foreign, or native language speakers, this book addresses clashing and Othering between sub-groups over the authenticity of the variety of the language and its speakers, and who can rightfully claim the language as their own.

This is the first collection to bring together well-known scholars writing from feminist perspectives within critical discourse analysis. The theoretical structure of CDA is illustrated with empirical research in Eastern and Western Europe, New Zealand, Asia, South America and the US, demonstrating the complex workings of power and ideology in discourse in sustaining particular gender(ed) orders. These studies deal with texts and talk in domains ranging from parliamentary settings, news and advertising media, the classroom, community literacy programs and the workplace.

Based on an ethnographic study carried out in Spain, this text proposes a new way of analyzing the relation between language use and gender identity. The theoretical and methodological discussion is also directly relevant to many researchers dealing with the study of language in use: pragmatics, applied linguistics, sociolinguistics, discourse analysis, conversational analysis, critical discourse analysis. As such it can be a useful tool for courses in any of these fields within higher education.

This ground-breaking work is a detailed account of an innovative and in-depth study of the attitudes of in excess of 500 Japanese learners towards a number of standard and non-standard as well as native and non-native varieties of English speech. The research conducted refines the investigation of learner attitudes by employing a range of pioneering techniques of attitude measurement. These methods are largely incorporated from the strong traditions that exist in the fields of social psychology and second language acquisition and utilize both direct and indirect techniques of attitude measurement. The author locates the findings in the context of the wealth of literature on native speaker evaluations of languages and language varieties. The study is unique in that the results provide clear evidence of both attitude change and high levels of linguistic awareness among the informants of social and geographical diversity within the English language. These findings are analyzed in detail in relation to the global spread of English as well as in terms of the pedagogical implications for the choice of linguistic model employed in English language classrooms both inside and outside Japan. The issues examined are of particular interest to educators, researchers and students in the fields of applied linguistics, TESOL, second language acquisition, social psychology of language and sociolinguistics. The pedagogical and language policy implications of the findings obtained make essential reading for those with a specific focus on the role of the English language and English language teaching, both in Japan and beyond.

Addressing issues related to the physical, cultural, ideological and psychological relocation of English, this volume provides a critical examination of current sociolinguistic study of English in the world and suggests a new approach which focuses more on ideological and psychological aspects of the phenomenon.

This book presents the forefront of research in the emerging field of family language policy. This is the first volume to explore the link between family language policy, practice and management in the light of state and community language policy in more than 20 ethno-linguistic communities worldwide. Contributions by leading scholars from eight countries and three continents offer insights in how family language policy might be interpreted from various theoretical perspectives, using innovative methodologies. In particular, the authors present novel data on successful family language practices such as faith-related literacy activities and homework sessions, as well as management, including prayer, choice of bilingual education, and links with mainstream and complementary learning, which permit the realization of language ideology within three contexts: immigrant families, inter-marriage families, and minority and majority families in conflict-ridden societies.

The Peoplea (TM)s Republic of China (PRC) is a growing, developing, dynamic society that is moving to take its place as a major world power. Having the worlda (TM)s largest population, it is estimated that sometime in the next 10 years, Chinaa (TM)s economy will become the worlda (TM)s largest. This development has led a number of language experts to predict that as this power and influence grows, so too will the spread of the Chinese language, with some suggesting that it will surpass English as the worlda (TM)s most common lingua franca.

However, for the Chinese language to grow in power and influence, a number of hurdles must be overcome, in particular the challenges of technology. The barriers to growth and spread of the Chinese language are very different for spoken and written Chinese, and this monograph focuses on the written variety. It traces the language policy and planning related developments for Chinese characters, with particular emphasis on post-1950 period in the Peoplea (TM)s Republic of China (PRC) and the more recent challenges that technology, and particularly the World Wide Web, have posed for the language.

While Chinese language policy and planning developments can generally be characterized as evolutionary, currently there are forces, both reactionary, i.e. elements of traditional language and cultural purism, and revolutionary, i.e. a ~alphabetica (TM) or radical simplification schemes, at work in the PRC. The volume examines this linguistic, cultural, political, economic debate, the outcome of which could determine whether Chinese reaches its international language potential, and explores some possible language policy and planning directions for thefuture.

Given the importance of China and potential of the Chinese language, understanding of these issues is critical for not only our understanding of China, but also for second language policy as it relates to Chinese around the world.

Janet Muller presents a unique contribution to understanding the interaction between language policy and planning and modern conflict resolution. Against the backdrop of Quebec/Canada since the 1995 Quebec referendum on secession, she provides an insider account from the North of Ireland, assessing through these two examples the interplay of conflict and language policy in the protection and promotion of languages in minoritised circumstances. The author outlines recent language policy trends in Quebec/Canada and details the place occupied by the Irish language in Northern Irish peace negotiations prior to and after the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. She examines the extent to which promises of 'a new era' for the language have been fulfilled and analyses development in language policy and planning through broadcasting, the implementation of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages and the aftermath of the 2006 British government commitment to enact an Irish language Act. New materials and interviews relevant to both Quebec/Canada and the North of Ireland provide fresh perspectives on some of the challenges facing minoritised language communities.

Knowledge and Discourse presents an ecological approach to the study of discourse in social, academic and professional practices. It brings together distinguished scholars from diverse cultures - India, China, Australia, Canada among others - and disciplines - linguistics, anthropology, sociology, philosophy. The chapters collectively illustrate the ecological approach by exploring how language makes connections between subjective experiences as people construct meaning and action. This book offers the reader a holistic, interdisciplinary approach to the study of language as discourse, questioning traditional views of disciplinary knowledge and the role of discourse in the pursuit, construction and compartmentalisation of such knowledge. Through the variety of disciplines, experiences and approaches, the contributors show how the world and word are contingent on each other. The notions of connectivity, contingency and change are themes that run through the book, and in the interweaving of these themes readers will find persuasive illustrations of an ecological approach to applied linguistics.

This volume explores the construction of identities within a lesbian group, outlining interactive tactics used in the production of mutually-negotiated norms of authenticity. Using ethnography and discourse analysis, a range of group-specific personae are revealed to be continually reworked and reproduced within the women's interaction.

This is the ninth in the acclaimed series of spinoff volumes based on the outstanding "Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics." It comprises 285 articles of which 80 are short biographical entries. 50 of the biographies and 42 other articles are entirely new, while the remaining entries are suitably revised and updated from "ELL." This work provides uniquely comprehensive and authoritative information on all aspects of sociolinguistics.

This book presents research that seeks to understand students' experiences of transnational mobility and transcultural interaction in the context of educational settings confronted with linguistic diversity.

The concept of authenticity has received some attention in recent academic discourse, yet it has often been left under-defined from a sociolinguistic perspective. This volume presents the contributions of a wide range of scholars who exchanged their views on the topic at a conference in Freiburg, Germany, in November 2011. The authors address three leading questions: What are the local meanings of authenticity embedded in large cultural and social structures? What is the meaning of linguistic authenticity in delocalised and/or deterritorialised settings? How is authenticity indexed in other contexts of language expression (e.g. in writing or in political discourse)? These questions are tackled by recognised experts in the fields of sociolinguistics, linguistic anthropology, and contact linguistics. While by no means exhaustive, the volume offers a large array of case studies that contribute significantly to our understanding of the meaning of authenticity in language production and perception.

Statistics in Language Research gives a non-technical but more or less complete treatment of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for language researchers. ANOVA is the most frequently used technique when handling the outcomes of research designs with more than two treatments or groups. This technique is used in all parts of linguistics which deal with observations obtained in survey studies and in (quasi-)experimental research, like applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics, language and speech pathology and phonetics. Most statistical textbooks in the social sciences take examples typical of their own field and, in addition, omit subjects which are particularly relevant for language researchers, like power analysis, quasi F, F1, F2 and minF'. This book offers a thorough introduction to the basic principles of analysis of variance, based on examples taken from language research, and goes beyond the conventional topics treated in introductory textbooks, as it covers topics like 'violations of assumptions', 'missing data', 'problems in repeated measures designs', 'alternatives to analysis of variance' (such as randomization tests and multilevel analysis). Each chapter consists of four sections: treatment of the subject under discussion, a summary of relevant terms and concepts, a section devoted to reporting statistics, and finally an exercise section. After the first introductory chapter, in which fundamental concepts like 'variables', 'cases' and SPSS data formats are presented, the book continues with two 'refreshment' chapters, in which the principles of statistical testing are revised, focusing on the well-known t test. These chapters also deal with the essential, but often neglected concepts of 'statistical power' and 'sample size'. In every chapter examples of SPSS input and output are given.

Applying multimodal textual analysis to the languages and images of online communication forms, Kay Richardson shows, from an applied linguistic perspective, how the Internet is being used for global, interactive communication about public health risks. Detailed case studies of the possible risks posed by SARS, by mobile phones and by the vaccination of babies against childhood diseases are situated within the context of research on computer-mediated communication, as well as within the broader social context of globalization and discourses of risk and trust.

The "Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion" provides the specialist and the general reader with accurate, up-to-date information on every aspect of the crucial interface between language and religion. Easy access to material in over 320 articles by scholars in many fields is provided both in a clear thematic arrangement, and by means of a comprehensive and detailed general index. Discussion of many topics including the creation of special sacred scripts, religious calligraphy, and the use of religious symbols in meditation, magic and elsewhere, is enriched and elucidated by illustrations, diagrams and tables. The "Concise Encyclopedia of Language and Religion" brings together articles and bibliographic entries drawn from the award-winning "Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics," all of which have been revised and updated appropriately. These articles are supplemented by a large number of completely new contributions, one of which is an extensive 12,500 word article on 'Basic Concepts and Terms in Linguistics', making this volume accessible to a wide audience.

This book explores the importance of Cognitive Linguistics for specialized language within the context of Frame-based Terminology (FBT). FBT uses aspects of Frame Semantics, coupled with premises from Cognitive Linguistics to structure specialized domains and create non-language-specific knowledge representations. Corpus analysis provides information regarding the syntax, semantics, and pragmatics of specialized knowledge units. Also studied is the role of metaphor and metonymy in specialized texts. The first section explains the purpose and structure of the book. The second section gives an overview of basic concepts, theories, and applications in Terminology and Cognitive Linguistics. The third section explains the Frame-based Terminology approach. The fourth section explores the role of contextual information in specialized knowledge representation as reflected in linguistic contexts and graphical information. The final section highlights the conclusions that can be derived from this study.

Globalization is calling for new conceptualizations of belonging within culturally diverse communities. This book takes Quebec as a case study and examines how it fosters a sense of belonging through a common citizenship with French as the key element. As a nation without a state, Quebec is driven by two distinct imperatives: the need to affirm a robust Francophone identity within Anglophone North America, and the civic obligation to accommodate an increasingly diverse range of migrant groups, as well as demands for recognition by Aboriginal and Anglophone minorities.

This book is about complexity-driven, trandsisciplinary approach to language study. It illustrates how complexity science can be applied in the research of language and society in order to create and sustain a transdisciplinary dialogue across interested communities of practice which may be beneficial in improving living conditions of real people.

Typography & Language in Everyday Life book provides a detailed, illustrated look at graphic as well as linguistic aspects of language and suggests there is much to be gained from collaboration between typographers and applied linguists.

Defenders of threatened languages all over the world, from advocates of biodiversity to dedicated defenders of their own cultural authenticity, are often humbled by the dimensity of the task that they are faced with when the weak and the few seek to find a safe-harbour against the ravages of the strong and the many. This book provides both practical case studies and theoretical directions from all five continents and advances thereby the collective pursuit of "reversing language shift" for the greater benefit of cultural democracy everywhere.