This thought-provoking monograph makes a multidisciplinary case for bilingualism as a possible enhancer of executive function, particularly cognitive control. Its central focus is the cognitive operations of the bilingual brain in processing two languages and whether they afford the brain a greater edge on neuroplasticity-in short, a cognitive advantage. Major issues and controversies in the debate are analyzed from cognitive neuroscience, psycholinguistic, and integrative perspectives, with attention paid to commonly and rarely studied domains at work in bilingual processing. The author also pinpoints future areas for improved research such as recognizing the diversity of bilingualism, not simply in languages spoken but also in social context, as seen among immigrants and refugees. Included in the coverage: The evolution of bilingualism. What goes on in a bilingual mind? The core cognitive mechanisms. Cognitive advantage of bilingualism and its criticisms. Neuroscience of bilingualism. Bilingualism, context, and control. Attention, vision, and control in bilinguals. With its cogent takes on ongoing questions and emerging issues, Bilingualism and Cognitive Control is of immediate interest to bilingual researchers and practitioners interested in understanding the behavioral aspects and neurobiology of bilingualism and the dynamic character of the bilingual/multilingual/second language learner's mind, as well as the growing number of advanced undergraduate and graduate students interested in the psychology/psycholinguistics of bilingualism, bilingual cognitive psychology, cognitive science, and cognitive neuroscience.

This Handbook is a comprehensive volume outlining the foremost issues regarding research and teaching of second language speaking, examining such diverse topics as cognitive processing, articulation, knowledge of pragmatics, instruction in sub-components of speaking (e.g., grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary) and the attrition of the first language. Outstanding academics have contributed chapters to provide an integrated and inclusive perspective on oral language skills. Specialized contexts for speaking are also explored (e.g., English as a Lingua Franca, workplace, and interpreting). The Routledge Handbook of Second Language Acquisition and Speaking will be an indispensable resource for students and scholars in applied linguistics, cognitive psychology, linguistics, and education.

Bilingualism:

• introduces students to key issues and themes that include bilingual development and education; and the integration of social and cognitive perspectives
• uses tasks and examples to equip the reader with the necessary skills and insights to assess and interpret research drawn from bilingual populations
• incorporates case studies drawn from a range of countries such as the United States, South Africa, the Netherlands, Morocco, and the People's Republic of China
• gathers together influential readings from key names in the discipline, including: Fred Genesee, Richard Bourhis, Elizabeth Peal, Wallace Lambert, Merrill Swain, Jim Cummins, and Ellen Bialystok.

Written by experienced teachers and researchers in the field, Bilingualism is an essential textbook for students and researchers of Applied Linguistics.

The accompanying website to this book can be found at http: //www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415343879.

This book explores ways in which common metaphors can play a detrimental role in everyday life; how they can grow in outsized importance to dominate their respective terrains and push out alternative perspectives; and how forms of resistance might act to contain their dominance. The volume begins by unpacking the dynamics of metaphors, their power and influence and the ways in which they are bolstered by other rhetorical devices. Adams draws on four case studies to illustrate their destructive impact when they eclipse other points of view—the metaphor of mental illness; the metaphor of free-flowing markets; the metaphor of the mind as a mirror and the metaphor of men as naturally superior. Taken together, these examples prompt further reflection on the beneficiaries of these "monster metaphors" and how they promote such metaphors to serve their own interests but also on ways forward for challenging their dominance, strategies for preventing their rise and ways of creating space for alternatives. This book will be of interest to scholars interested in the study of metaphor, across such fields as linguistics, rhetoric and media studies.

The book explores the nature of academic literacy in EMI; the ways in which EMI is implemented in different contexts; issues related to teaching and learning through the medium of English; teaching challenges and coping strategies used by EMI teachers; support for EMI through EAP; the professional development needs of EMI teachers; approaches to the evaluation of EMI programs.

These in-depth case studies provide novel insights in to the fast-changing language situation in multilingual China, and how it changes the meanings of language identity and language learning. This linguistic ethnographic study of language attitudes and identities in contemporary China in the era of multilingualism provides a comprehensive and critical review of the state of the art in the field of language-attitude research, and situates attitudes towards Chinese regional dialects in their social, historical as well as local contexts. The role of language policies and the links between the interactional phenomena and other contextual factors are investigated through the multi-level analysis of linguistic ethnographic data. This study captures the long-term language socialisation process and the moment-to-moment construction of language attitudes at a level of detail that is rarely seen. The narrative is presented in a highly readable style, without compromising the theoretical sophistication and sociolinguistic complexities.

This critical resource provides foundational information and practical strategies for d/Deaf or hard of hearing (d/Dhh) multilingual learners. These learners come from backgrounds where their home languages differ from the dominant spoken or sign languages of the culture. This book is a one-stop resource for professionals, interventionists, and families, helping them to effectively support the diverse needs of d/Dhh multilingual learners by covering topics such as family engagement, assessment, literacy, multiple disabilities, transition planning, and more. The book provides vignettes of learners from 25 countries, discussion questions, and family-centered infographic briefs that synthesize each chapter. Deaf and Hard of Hearing Multilingual Learners is a groundbreaking step towards better supporting the many languages and cultures d/Dhh students experience in their lifetimes through strength-based and linguistically responsive approaches.

This book contributes to the understanding of the transformative power of incorporating translanguaging, the dynamic language practices of bi/multilingual communities, in the schooling of US Latinx children and youth. It showcases instructional spaces in US education where Latinx children's and youths' translanguaging is at the center of their teaching and learning. By centering racialized Latinx bilingual students, including their knowledge systems and cultural and linguistic practices, it transforms the monolingual-white supremacy ideology of many educational spaces. In so doing, racialized bilingual Latinx subjectivities are potentially transformed, as students learn to understand processes of colonization and domination that have robbed them of opportunities to use their entire semiotic repertoire in learning. The book makes a strong theoretical contribution to the field, putting decolonial, post-structuralist understandings of language and bilingualism alongside critical race theory and critical pedagogy.

A practical and comprehensive resource, Supporting Multilingual Learners’ Academic Language Development: A Language-Based Approach to Content Instruction introduces an accessible language-based approach to teaching academic language to multilingual learners across the content areas. Luciana C. de Oliveira provides elementary school teachers with everything they need to know to successfully teach grade-level content to multilingual learners. Chapters are organized by subject, addressing the specific language demands of teaching English language arts, social studies, mathematics, and science. Each chapter features examples of implementation in grades K-5, practical strategies, and a wealth of tables, figures, and other resources. The Language-Based Approach to Content Instruction (LACI) in this book provides teachers with a ready-to-use framework of six scaffolding elements that serves as a guide to enable multilingual learners to meet the grade-level standard of their peers without simplification. Aligned with WIDA and CCSS standards, this resource provides the tools and methods teachers need to support multilingual learners’ academic language development in the content area classroom.

The twelve papers featured in this book focus on codeswitching as an urban language-contact phenomenon. Some papers seek to distinguish codeswitching from other contact phenomenon such as borrowing or language mixing, while others look at the effect codeswitching has on one's position in society. The papers discuss such topics as the politics of codeswitching, the role of using more than one language in social identity, attitudes toward multi-language use, and the way codeswitching may occur as a community norm. The editor, Carol Eastman, is also author of "Aspects of Language and Culture", "Language Planning", and "Linguistic Theory and Language Description".

The book aims to establish the concept of attitudes as more central to the study of minority and majority languages. The strong tradition of attitude theory and research from social psychology is made relevant to language restoration and decay. Original research shows how attitude to bilingualism is conceptually distinct from attitude to a specific language. A piece of research in Wales investigates the origins of language attitudes in individual differences and in environmental attributes.

Jam-packed with inspiring lessons and ideas, this book will help you access and enhance your own creativity in the classroom and inspire your students to become motivated language learners. Top authors Blaz and Alsop share practical strategies to channel your creative impulses and transform them into effective lessons that will energize students of all levels. Aligned with ACTFL (American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages) and CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) standards, the resources in this book support creativity as a practical process, with step-by-step guidance on goal-setting, implementation, evaluation, and feedback. Examples come from many world languages and cover fun and original topics, including tapping into students’ own interests through cooking, memes, online videos, sports, arts and crafts, and more. Relevant for all levels of language instruction, this text includes plentiful photocopiable charts, templates, and samples to use in the classroom.

The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics is the first edited volume to provide a comprehensive, authoritative, and interdisciplinary view of usage-based theory in linguistics. Contributions by an international team of established and emerging scholars discuss the application of used-based approaches in phonology, morphosyntax, psycholinguistics, language variation and change, language development, cognitive linguistics, and other subfields of linguistics. Unprecedented in depth and scope, this groundbreaking work of scholarship addresses all major theoretical and methodological aspects of usage-based linguistics while offering diverse perspectives and key insights into theory, history, and methodology. Throughout the text, in-depth essays explore up-to-date methodologies, emerging approaches, new technologies, and cutting-edge research in usage-based linguistics in many languages and subdisciplines. Topics include used-based approaches to subfields such as anthropological linguistics, computational linguistics, statistical analysis, and corpus linguistics. Covering the conceptual foundations, historical development, and future directions of usage-based theory, The Handbook of Usage-Based Linguistics is a must-have reference work for advanced students and scholars in anthropological linguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive linguistics, corpora analysis, and other subfields of linguistics.

Over the past 40 years, Jim Cummins has proposed a number of highly influential theoretical concepts, including the threshold and interdependence hypotheses and the distinction between conversational fluency and academic language proficiency. In this book, he provides a personal account of how these ideas developed and he examines the credibility of critiques they have generated, using the criteria of empirical adequacy, logical coherence, and consequential validity. These criteria of theoretical legitimacy are also applied to the evaluation of two different versions of translanguaging theory - Unitary Translanguaging Theory and Crosslinguistic Translanguaging Theory - in a way that significantly clarifies this controversial concept.

Researching Creativity in Second Language Acquisition explains the links between creativity and second language learning and how to propel the research of creativity as an individual difference in second language acquisition forward at multiple levels. It features an array of sample research questions and methods for student and professional researchers, ranging from simple projects that can be executed from start to finish in 15 weeks all the way to multi-year project guidelines for more advanced scholars with additional time and resources. It also features in-class and out-of-class activity suggestions that will reinforce concepts in fun and creative ways. Using this book as a guide will save researchers time and effort in designing and executing their next projects as well as save instructors time in class planning. This book will be an invaluable resource to students and researchers of SLA, applied linguistics, TESOL, and psychology.

Multilingual classrooms and online communication are becoming increasingly linguistically diverse due to globalization and new discourse patterns are emerging. Many of these patterns include the use of linguistic resources from multiple languages in the same utterance. Translanguaging, a recent theoretical framework, is gaining prominence among scholars interested in studying these multilingual discursive practices and the concept of a unitary language system for lexical processing. The aim of this book is to gain a better understanding of the bilingual brain and how words and sentences that use features from socially distinct languages are processed. Using examples provided by multilingual study participants, a categorization of the various forms of translanguaging is developed to build a translanguaging model. Psycholinguistic methods such as eye tracking are combined with conventional sociolinguistic survey methodology to provide rich qualitative and quantitative data that address the cognitive effects of translanguaging and the underlying structure of translingual word-formations. This monograph shows how language biography, exposure, and attitude towards multilingual discursive practices all affect cognitive processing. It also demonstrates how multilingual speakers are setting the patterns for novel word-formations to be produced, thus having a social, cultural, and cognitive impact on how we communicate.

This book explores the question of how equitable and inclusive education can be implemented in heterogeneous classes where learners' languages and cultures reflect the social reality of mass migration and everyday plurilingualism. The book brings together researchers and practitioners working in inclusive teaching and learning in a variety of migration contexts from pre-school to university. The book opens with an exploration of the relationship between language ideologies and policies with respect to the inclusion of learners for whom the language of education is not the language spoken in the home. The following section focuses on innovative pedagogical practices which allow migrants to be socially, culturally and institutionally included at school and at university while using their plurilingual competences as resources for learning/teaching and allowing them to fully realise their potential.

This book is an exploration of the role of language at Warruwi Community, a remote Indigenous settlement in northern Australia. It explores how language use and people's ideas about language are embedded in contemporary Indigenous life there. Using an ethnographic approach, the book examines what language at Warruwi means in the context of the history of the community, ongoing social and political changes and the continuing importance of ancestral traditions. Children growing up at Warruwi still learn to speak many small Indigenous languages. This is remarkable not just in the Australian context, where many Indigenous languages are no longer spoken, but around the world as this kind of multilingualism in small languages persists only in a few remaining pockets. The way that people use many languages in their daily life at Warruwi reveals how high levels of linguistic diversity can be maintained in a small community. This detailed study of the creation of linguistic diversity is relevant to sociolinguistics, linguistic typology, historical linguistics and evolutionary linguistics. More generally, this book is for linguists, anthropologists and anyone with an interest in contemporary Australian Indigenous lives.

This revised and updated second edition is an accessible companion designed to help science and technology students develop the knowledge, skills and strategies needed to produce clear and coherent academic writing in their university assignments. Using authentic texts to explore the nature of scientific writing, the book covers key areas such as scientific style, effective sentence and paragraph structure, and coherence in texts and arguments. Throughout the book, a range of tasks offers the opportunity to put theory into practice. The explorative tasks allow you to see how language works in a real scientific context, practice and review tasks consolidate learning and help you to develop your own writing skills, and reflective tasks encourage you to think about your own knowledge and experience, and bring this to bear on your own writing journey at university. Key features of the new edition include: * Updated content and additional tasks throughout * New chapters, covering writing in the sciences and writing at university * The introduction of reflective tasks * Up-to-date examples of authentic scientific writing Clear, engaging and easy-to-use, this is an invaluable tool for the busy science or technology student looking to improve their writing and reach their full academic potential.

Foundations of Bilingual Memory provides a valuable update to the field of bilingual memory and offers a new psychological perspective on how the bilingual mind encodes, stores, and retrieves information. This volume emphasizes theoretical issues, such as classic memory approaches, Compound-Coordinate Bilingualism, Bilingual Dual Coding Theory, and Working Memory, about which relatively little has been written in the bilingual domain. Also covered are: * The neuropsychology of bilingual memory * Applied issues (such as false memories and bilingualism, emotion and memory) * Empirical findings in support of the uniqueness of the different memory systems of the bilingual individual * Connectionist models of bilingualism The volume represents the first book of its kind, in stressing a memory perspective with regards to bilingual speakers. It can serve as an advanced text for both undergraduate and graduate level students and it will be of great interest to the growing number of bilingual teachers and university classes interested in understanding the bilingual mind, as well as in preparing teachers to work with the bilingual individual.

This edited book investigates the input provided by lecturers in English-medium instruction (EMI) to reveal the characteristics of both written and oral input in EMI settings and its pedagogical implications. The book works on two assumptions: firstly, that field exposure to input is the prime mover of the teaching-learning process and secondly, that its quality is fundamental for the development of discipline-specific knowledge with particular reference to university settings. The volume is timely as it contains original research addressing both theoretical reflections and practical information on how content lecturers can enhance the effectiveness of their teaching practice through English including a relatively unexplored and increasingly relevant topic represented by the synergy between spoken input and written and multimodal materials. Moreover, it provides insight for EAP teachers and EMI training professionals into how lecturer training programmes and activities can be improved by focusing on communicative functions and presentation strategies that can selectively address and improve students' mastery of disciplinary discourse.

This is an accessible survey of the linguistic issues facing children growing up in indigenous communities.All over the world there are children who learn one (or more) language at home and then have to learn another language when they attend school. In some cases this is because children come from immigrant backgrounds; in other cases children come from indigenous communities in countries which have been colonised. This book illustrates the linguistic diversity that can be found in such communities. It examines a wide range of factors which relate to the divergence between home and school language for children growing up in indigenous multilingual communities."Children's Language and Multilingualism" explains concisely and clearly why educators, health specialists, government bodies and politicians need to understand the importance of these differences for children's social and linguistic development, particularly in relation to education and social policy. Never far from the surface are the well-documented benefits of bi- and multilingualism in education nationally and internationally. This accessible survey of the linguistic issues facing children growing up in indigenous communities will be of interest to advanced students and researchers of multilingualism and language acquisition.

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. It is funded by the University of Klagenfurt, Austria. Discussing key issues of current relevance and setting the tone for future research in world Englishes, this book provides new perspectives on the diverse realities of Englishes around the world. Written by an international team of established and renowned scholars, it is the inaugural volume in the new series Bloomsbury Advances in World Englishes, dedicated to advancing research in the field. Chapters discuss important topics in contemporary world Englishes research, including de-colonial approaches, emerging varieties in post-protectorates and international uses as communicative events to highlight the globalizing aspect of English as a semiotic code. The book also expands on cultural conceptualizations to investigate the connections between Englishes and localized cultural knowledge and ongoing changes and attitudes towards local forms in multilingual settings. Closing with an examination of how world Englishes and the use of English as a lingua franca could influence the future teaching of Englishes, Research Developments in World Englishes presents a detailed picture of contemporary research approaches and points the way towards exciting future directions.

This book takes a distinctive approach to exploring the experiences and identities of minoritized Latinx mothers who are raising a child who is labeled as both an emergent bilingual and dis/abled. It showcases relationships between families and schools and reveals the myriad of ways in which school-based decisions regarding disability, language and academic placement impact family dynamics. Treating the mothers as experts, this book uses testimonios to explore not only what mothers know but also how they develop funds of knowledge and how they apply them to their child's education. The stories shed light on how mothers perceive their child's disability, how they engage with their child and the value they place on bilingualism. The narratives reveal the complex lives mothers lead and the ways in which they strive to meet the academic and socioemotional needs of their children, regardless of the financial, physical and emotional costs to them. This book has significant implications for researchers and professionals working in bilingual education, special education, inclusive education and disability studies in education.